tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70205541241027643742024-03-19T06:01:32.741-07:00ANIMASIBlog ini masih bersifat standar yang membahas mengenai apa itu animasi dan manga.muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-51078801225805847902012-10-24T22:21:00.002-07:002012-10-24T22:26:09.267-07:00universitas budi luhur terbaik di jakarta<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Anime</b> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">アニメ</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; color: #0000ee; font-family: sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 0.1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup></span>, <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Japanese" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Japanese">[a.ni.me]</a></span> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime.ogg" title="File:Anime.ogg"><img alt="" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Anime.ogg" title="Anime.ogg">listen</a>); <span class="nowrap"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/En-us-anime.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Speakerlink.svg/11px-Speakerlink.svg.png" width="11" /></a><sup class="noexcerpt"><span class="IPA" style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; color: #0000ee; font-family: sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-anime.ogg" title="File:En-us-anime.ogg">i</a></span></sup><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>)</span> are Japanese cartoons and computer animation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> The word is the Japanese abbreviated pronunciation of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>". The intended meaning of the term sometimes varies depending on the context.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">While the earliest known Japanese animation dates to 1917, and many
original Japanese animations were produced in the ensuing decades, the
characteristic anime style developed in the 1960s—notably with the work
of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>—and became known outside Japan in the 1980s.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>,
has a large audience in Japan and recognition throughout the world.
Distributors can release anime via television broadcasts, directly to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">video</a>, or theatrically, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">online</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Both hand-drawn and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer-animated</a> anime exist. It is used in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series" title="Television series">television series</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games" title="Video games">video games</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercials" title="Commercials">commercials</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>-based releases, and represents most, if not all, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>. As the market for anime increased in Japan, it also gained popularity in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Anime is currently popular in many different regions around the world.</span><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
<span style="font-size: small;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History of anime</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_cell_1917.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="169" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Anime_cell_1917.jpg/220px-Anime_cell_1917.jpg" width="220" /></a></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_cell_1917.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
A cel from the earliest known Japanese animated short from 1917.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors-screeny.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors-screeny.JPG/220px-Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors-screeny.JPG" width="220" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors-screeny.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
Screenshot from <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors" title="Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors">Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors</a></i> (1944), the first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature-length" title="Feature-length">feature-length</a> anime film</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Anime began at the start of the 20th century, when Japanese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">filmmakers</a> experimented with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> techniques also pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup>
The oldest known anime in existence first screened in 1917 – a
two-minute clip of a samurai trying to test a new sword on his target,
only to suffer defeat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> Early pioneers included <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimokawa_Oten" title="Shimokawa Oten">Shimokawa Oten</a>, Jun'ichi Kouchi, and Seitarō Kitayama.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">By the 1930s animation became an alternative format of storytelling to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action" title="Live-action">live-action</a> industry in Japan. But it suffered competition from foreign producers and many animators, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobur%C5%8D_%C5%8Cfuji" title="Noburō Ōfuji">Noburō Ōfuji</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuji_Murata" title="Yasuji Murata">Yasuji Murata</a> still worked in cheaper <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">cutout</a> not <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_animation" title="Cel animation">cel animation</a>, although with masterful results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> Other creators, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Masaoka" title="Kenzō Masaoka">Kenzō Masaoka</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuyo_Seo" title="Mitsuyo Seo">Mitsuyo Seo</a>,
nonetheless made great strides in animation technique, especially with
increasing help from a government using animation in education and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> The first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkie" title="Talkie">talkie</a> anime was <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikara_to_Onna_no_Yo_no_Naka" title="Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka">Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka</a></i>, produced by Masaoka in 1933.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-animeguide_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-animeguide-8">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kodanasha1993_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-kodanasha1993-9">[10]</a></sup> The first feature length animated film was <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors" title="Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors">Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors</a></i> directed by Seo in 1945 with sponsorship by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The success of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>'s 1937 feature film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_%281937_film%29" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> influenced Japanese animators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> In the 1960s, manga artist and animator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>
adapted and simplified many Disney animation-techniques to reduce costs
and to limit the number of frames in productions. He intended this as a
temporary measure to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule
with inexperienced animation-staff.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The 1970s saw a surge of growth in the popularity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> – many of them later animated. The work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> drew particular attention: he has been called a "legend"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> and the "god of manga".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup>
His work – and that of other pioneers in the field – inspired
characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime
today. The giant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> genre (known as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a>" outside Japan), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Robot" title="Super Robot">Super Robot</a> genre under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Nagai" title="Go Nagai">Go Nagai</a> and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiyuki_Tomino" title="Yoshiyuki Tomino">Yoshiyuki Tomino</a> who developed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Robot" title="Real Robot">Real Robot</a> genre. Robot anime like the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam" title="Gundam">Gundam</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross" title="The Super Dimension Fortress Macross">The Super Dimension Fortress Macross</a></i>
series became instant classics in the 1980s, and the robot genre of
anime is still one of the most common in Japan and worldwide today. In
the 1980s, anime became more accepted in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_%28terminology%29" title="Mainstream (terminology)">mainstream</a> in Japan (although less than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>),
and experienced a boom in production. Following a few successful
adaptations of anime in overseas markets in the 1980s, anime gained
increased acceptance in those markets in the 1990s and even more at the
turn of the 21st century.</span><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese write the English term "animation" in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i> as アニメーション (<i>animēshon</i>, pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Japanese" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Japanese">[animeːɕoɴ]</a></span>). Anime derives from the French phrase <i>dessin animé</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> Japanese-speakers use both the original and abbreviated forms interchangeably, but the shorter form occurs more commonly.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The pronunciation of <i>anime</i> in Japanese, <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[anime]</span>, differs significantly from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>, which has different vowels and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28linguistics%29" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>. (In Japanese each <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a> carries equal stress.) As with a few other Japanese words such as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C3%A9" title="Saké">saké</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i>, and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo_Ab%C3%A9" title="Kobo Abé">Kobo Abé</a>,</i> English-language texts sometimes spell <i>anime</i> as <i>animé</i> (as in French), with an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> over the final <i>e</i>, to cue the reader to pronounce the letter, not to leave it silent as English orthography might suggest.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Word_usage">Word usage</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">In Japan, the term <i>anime</i> does not specify an animation's nation of origin or style; instead, it serves as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_term" title="Blanket term">blanket term</a> to refer to all forms of animation from around the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup> English-language dictionaries define <i>anime</i> as "a Japanese style of motion-picture animation" or as "a style of animation developed in Japan".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Non-Japanese works that borrow stylization from anime are commonly referred to as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">anime-influenced animation</a>"
but it is not unusual for a viewer who does not know the country of
origin of such material to refer to it as simply "anime". Some works
result from co-productions with non-Japanese companies, such as most of
the traditionally animated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin/Bass" title="Rankin/Bass">Rankin/Bass</a> works, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_I.G" title="Production I.G">Production I.G</a> series <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGPX" title="IGPX">IGPX</a></i> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cban_Star-Racers" title="Ōban Star-Racers">Ōban Star-Racers</a></i>; different viewers may or may not consider these anime.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">In English, <i>anime</i>, when used as a common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, normally functions as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass noun</a> (for example: "Do you watch anime?", "How much anime have you collected?").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-20">[21]</a></sup> However, in casual usage the word also appears as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">count noun</a>. <i>Anime</i> can also be used as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppletive" title="Suppletive">suppletive</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> or classifier noun. For example, The anime <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyver:_The_Bioboosted_Armor" title="Guyver: The Bioboosted Armor">Guyver</a></i> is different from the movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guyver" title="The Guyver">Guyver</a></i>.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Synonyms">Synonyms</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">English-speakers occasionally refer to anime as "Japanimation", but
this term has fallen into disuse. "Japanimation" saw the most usage
during the 1970s and 1980s, but the term "anime" supplanted it in the
mid-1990s as the material became more widely known in English-speaking
countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bookref2_21-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bookref2-21">[22]</a></sup> In general, the term now only appears in nostalgic contexts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bookref2_21-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bookref2-21">[22]</a></sup>
Since "anime" does not identify the country of origin in Japanese
usage, "Japanimation" is used to distinguish Japanese work from that of
the rest of the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bookref2_21-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bookref2-21">[22]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">In Japan, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>"
can refer to both animation and comics. Among English speakers, "manga"
has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage
of "anime" in and outside of Japan. The term "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani-manga" title="Ani-manga">ani-manga</a>" is used to describe comics produced from animation cels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Visual_characteristics">Visual characteristics</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modernanime.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="273" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Modernanime.jpg/220px-Modernanime.jpg" width="220" /></a></span>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modernanime.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
Anime artists use many distinct visual styles.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Many commentators refer to anime as an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_form" title="Art form">art form</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup>
As a visual medium, it can emphasize visual styles. The styles can vary
from artist to artist or from studio to studio. Some titles make
extensive use of common stylization: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLCL" title="FLCL">FLCL</a></i>, for example, has a reputation for wild, exaggerated stylization. Other titles use different methods: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Yesterday_%281991_film%29" title="Only Yesterday (1991 film)">Only Yesterday</a></i> or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-Roh" title="Jin-Roh">Jin-Roh</a></i> take much more realistic approaches, featuring few stylistic exaggerations; <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i> uses drawings which specifically do not distinguish the nationality of characters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">While different titles and different artists have their own artistic
styles, many stylistic elements have become so common that describe them
as definitive of anime in general. However, this does not mean that all
modern anime share one strict, common art-style. Many anime have a very
different art style from what would commonly be called "anime style",
yet fans still use the word "anime" to refer to these titles. Generally,
the most common form of anime drawings include "exaggerated physical
features such as large eyes, big hair and elongated limbs... and
dramatically shaped speech bubbles, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_line" title="Speed line">speed lines</a> and onomatopoeic, exclamatory typography."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The influences of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese calligraphy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">Japanese painting</a> also characterize linear qualities of the anime style. The round <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">ink brush</a> traditionally used for writing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> and for painting, produces a stroke of widely varying thickness.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime also tends to borrow many elements from manga, including text
in the background and panel layouts. For example, an opening may employ
manga panels to tell the story, or to dramatize a point for humorous
effect. See for example the anime <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare_Kano" title="Kare Kano">Kare Kano</a></i>.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Character_design">Character design</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Basic character designs use techniques implemented in cartoon design.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="The text preceding this tag needs specification from August 2012">specify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Among these techniques include the use of reference sketches to ensure character proportionality and multiple angle designs.</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Proportions">Proportions</span></span></h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Body proportions emulated in anime come from proportions of the human
body. The height of the head is considered by the artist as the base
unit of proportion. Head heights can vary as long as the remainder of
the body remains proportional. Most anime characters are about seven to
eight heads tall, and extreme heights are set around nine heads tall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-headheight_26-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-headheight-26">[27]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Variations to proportion can be modified by the artist. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_deformed" title="Super deformed">Super-deformed</a>
characters feature a non-proportionally small body compared to the
head. Sometimes specific body parts, like legs, are shortened or
elongated for added emphasis. Most super deformed characters are two to
four heads tall. Some anime works like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon_Shin-chan" title="Crayon Shin-chan">Crayon Shin-chan</a></i>
completely disregard these proportions, such that they resemble Western
cartoons. For exaggeration, certain body features are increased in
proportion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-headheight_26-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-headheight-26">[27]</a></sup> Comedic effects often utilize these variations.</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Eye_styles">Eye styles</span></span></h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Many anime and manga characters feature large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>,
who is believed to have been the first to use this technique, was
inspired by the exaggerated features of American cartoon characters such
as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop" title="Betty Boop">Betty Boop</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a>, and Disney's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi" title="Bambi">Bambi</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dreamland_27-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Dreamland-27">[28]</a></sup> Tezuka found that large eyes style allowed his characters to show emotions distinctly. When Tezuka began drawing <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Knight" title="Princess Knight">Ribbon no Kishi</a></i>,
the first manga specifically targeted at young girls, Tezuka further
exaggerated the size of the characters' eyes. Indeed, through <i>Ribbon no Kishi</i>, Tezuka set a stylistic template that later <i>shōjo</i> artists tended to follow.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Coloring is added to give eyes, particularly to the cornea, some
depth. The depth is accomplished by applying variable color shading.
Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade
is used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-29">[30]</a></sup> Cultural anthropologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Thorn" title="Matt Thorn">Matt Thorn</a> argues that Japanese animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized eyes as inherently more or less foreign.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga_characters_look_white_30-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga_characters_look_white-30">[31]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, not all anime have large eyes. For example, some of the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>
and Toshiro Kawamoto are known for having realistically proportioned
eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their characters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-companion_31-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-companion-31">[32]</a></sup></span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Facial_expressions">Facial expressions</span></span></h4>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
<span style="font-size: small;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Manga iconography</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime characters may employ a variety of predetermined facial expressions to denote moods and thoughts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-32">[33]</a></sup>
These techniques are often different in form than their counterparts in
Western animation, and they include a fixed iconography that's used as
shorthand for certain emotions and moods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloody_33-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bloody-33">[34]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">There are a number of other stylistic elements that are common to
conventional anime as well but more often used in comedies. Characters
that are shocked or surprised will perform a "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_fault" title="Face fault">face fault</a>",
in which they display an extremely exaggerated expression. Angry
characters may exhibit a "vein" or "stress mark" effect, where lines
representing bulging veins will appear on their forehead. Angry women
will sometimes summon a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerspace" title="Hammerspace">from nowhere</a> and strike another character with it, mainly for the sake of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> comedy. Male characters will develop a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_nose" title="Bloody nose">bloody nose</a> around their female love interests (typically to indicate arousal, which is a play on an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" title="Old wives' tale">old wives' tale</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloody_33-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bloody-33">[34]</a></sup> Embarrassed or stressed characters either produce a massive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">sweat-drop</a>
(which has become one of the most widely recognized motifs of
conventional anime) or produce a visibly red blush or set of parallel
(sometimes squiggly) lines beneath the eyes, especially as a
manifestation of repressed romantic feelings. Characters who want to
childishly taunt someone may pull an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanbe" title="Akanbe">akanbe</a>
face (by pulling an eyelid down with a finger to expose the red
underside). Characters may also have large "X" eyes to show a knockout,
or in some cases, even illness. This is typically used for comedic
purposes. Vacant, non-reflecting eyes can be used to indicate a state of
semi-consciousness.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Animation_technique">Animation technique</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Like all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, the production processes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">storyboarding</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">voice acting</a>, character design, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_animation" title="Cel animation">cel production</a> and so on still apply. With improvements in computer technology, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> increased the efficiency of the whole production process.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime is often considered a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">limited animation</a>.
That means that stylistically, even in bigger productions the
conventions of limited animation are used to fool the eye into thinking
there is more movement than there is.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup> Many of the techniques that are used comprise cost-cutting measures while working under a set budget.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views. Backgrounds depict the scenes' atmosphere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup> For example, anime often puts emphasis on changing seasons, as can be seen in numerous anime, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenchi_Muyo%21" title="Tenchi Muyo!">Tenchi Muyo!</a></i>. Sometimes actual settings have been duplicated into an anime. The backgrounds for the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Melancholy_of_Haruhi_Suzumiya_%28anime%29" title="The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (anime)">Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya</a></i> are based on various locations within the suburb of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishinomiya,_Hyogo" title="Nishinomiya, Hyogo">Nishinomiya, Hyogo</a>, Japan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The large majority of anime uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a>, which better allows for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labor" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_basic_principles_of_animation#Straight_ahead_action_and_pose_to_pose" title="12 basic principles of animation">pose to pose</a> approach and checking of drawings before they are shot – practices favored by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_industry" title="Anime industry">anime industry</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jouvanceau2004_35-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Jouvanceau2004-35">[36]</a></sup> Other mediums are mostly limited to independently made <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_subject" title="Short subject">short films</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharp2003_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Sharp2003-36">[37]</a></sup> examples of which are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">cutout animation</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobur%C5%8D_%C5%8Cfuji" title="Noburō Ōfuji">Noburō Ōfuji</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jouvanceau2004_35-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Jouvanceau2004-35">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cin.C3.A9math.C3.A8que2008_37-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Cin.C3.A9math.C3.A8que2008-37">[38]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> puppet animation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadahito_Mochinaga" title="Tadahito Mochinaga">Tadahito Mochinaga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihachir%C5%8D_Kawamoto" title="Kihachirō Kawamoto">Kihachirō Kawamoto</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharp2004_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Sharp2004-38">[39]</a></sup> and Tomoyasu Murata<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-39">[40]</a></sup> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> of Satoshi Tomioka<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-40">[41]</a></sup> (most famously <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usavich" title="Usavich">Usavich</a></i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-41">[42]</a></sup></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Camera_effects">Camera effects</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Camera angles, camera movement, and lighting play an important role
in scenes. Directors often have the discretion of determining viewing
angles for scenes, particularly regarding backgrounds. In addition,
camera angles show <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_%28graphical%29" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-production_42-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-production-42">[43]</a></sup> Directors can also choose camera effects within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>, such as panning, zooming, facial closeup, and panoramic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-43">[44]</a></sup></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Story_themes">Story themes</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">A wide variety of stories have been adapted into anime. They are sourced from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_history" title="Japanese history">Japanese history</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_literature" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, and even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">adult-oriented themes</a>. While animation for children exists, most anime are intended for an older audience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-44">[45]</a></sup></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
<span style="font-size: small;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_licensing" title="Anime licensing">Anime licensing</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">While anime had entered markets beyond Japan in the 1960s, it grew as
a major cultural export during its market expansion during the 1980s
and 1990s. The anime market for the United States alone is "worth
approximately $4.35 billion, according to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization" title="Japan External Trade Organization">Japan External Trade Organization</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-45">[46]</a></sup>
Anime has also had commercial success in Asia, Europe and Latin
America, where anime has become more mainstream than in the United
States. For example, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Seiya" title="Saint Seiya">Saint Seiya</a></i> video game was released in Europe due to the popularity of the show even years after the series has been off-air.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime distribution companies handled the licensing and distribution
of anime outside Japan. Licensed anime is modified by distributors
through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a> into the language of the country and adding language subtitles to the Japanese language track. Using a similar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_lockout" title="Regional lockout">global distribution pattern</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a>, the world is divided into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_industry" title="Anime industry">five regions</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-edited_film" title="Re-edited film">editing</a> of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-46">[47]</a></sup>
Certain companies may remove any objectionable content, complying with
domestic law. This editing process was far more prevalent in the past
(e.g. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltron" title="Voltron">Voltron</a></i>),
but its use has declined because of the demand for anime in its
original form. This "light touch" approach to localization has favored
viewers formerly unfamiliar with anime. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotech" title="Robotech">Robotech</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Blazers" title="Star Blazers">Star Blazers</a></i>
were the earliest attempts to present anime (albeit still modified) to
North American television audiences without harsh censoring for violence
and mature themes.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">With the advent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, it became possible to include multiple language tracks into a simple product. This was not the case with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS cassette</a>,
in which separate VHS media were used and with each VHS cassette priced
the same as a single DVD. The "light touch" approach also applies to
DVD releases as they often include both the dubbed audio and the
original Japanese audio with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitle_%28captioning%29" title="Subtitle (captioning)">subtitles</a>, typically unedited. Anime edited for television is usually released on DVD "uncut", with all scenes intact.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>
has played a significant role in the exposure of anime beyond Japan.
Prior to the 1990s, anime had limited exposure beyond Japan's borders.
Coincidentally, as the popularity of the Internet grew, so did interest
in anime. Much of the fandom of anime grew through the Internet. The
combination of internet communities and increasing amounts of anime
material, from video to images, helped spur the growth of fandom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-anime-internet_47-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-anime-internet-47">[48]</a></sup>
As the Internet gained more widespread use, Internet advertising
revenues grew from 1.6 billion yen to over 180 billion yen between 1995
and 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-48">[49]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Some fan groups add subtitles to anime on their own and distribute the episodes. These are known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">fansubs</a>. Before the popularity of the Internet, fansubbing used VHS as a means of distribution.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
Often, people will collect these fansubs and upload them to websites
which they also put advertisements on so as to earn money, which
violates <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> laws in many countries.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
The ethical implications of distributing or watching fansubs are topics
of much controversy even when fansub groups do not profit from their
activities. Once the series has been licensed outside of Japan, fansub
groups often cease distribution of their work. In one case, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Factory" title="Media Factory">Media Factory Incorporated</a> requested that no fansubs of their material be made, which was respected by the fansub community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-49">[50]</a></sup> In another instance, Bandai specifically thanked fansubbers for their role in helping to make <i>The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya</i> popular in the English speaking world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-50">[51]</a></sup></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
<span style="font-size: small;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television in Japan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_night_anime" title="Late night anime">Late night anime</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF_anime" title="UHF anime">UHF anime</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">TV networks regularly broadcast anime programming. In Japan, major national TV networks, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo" title="TV Tokyo">TV Tokyo</a> broadcast anime regularly. Smaller regional stations broadcast anime under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF_anime" title="UHF anime">UHF</a>. In the United States, cable TV channels such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_%28United_States%29" title="Cartoon Network (United States)">Cartoon Network</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a>, and others dedicate some of their timeslots to anime. Some, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Network" title="Anime Network">Anime Network</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUNimation_Channel" title="FUNimation Channel">FUNimation Channel</a>, specifically show anime. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax" title="Animax">Animax</a> and Disney's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetix" title="Jetix">Jetix</a> channel broadcast anime within many countries in the world. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimeCentral" title="AnimeCentral">AnimeCentral</a> solely broadcasts anime in the UK.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_on_world_culture">Influence on world culture</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime has become commercially profitable in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a>, as early commercially successful western adaptations of anime, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a></i>, have revealed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-commercially_successful_51-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-commercially_successful-51">[52]</a></sup> The phenomenal success of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s multi-billion <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollar</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i> franchise<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-52">[53]</a></sup> was helped greatly by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_%28anime%29" title="Pokémon (anime)">spin-off anime series</a>
that, first broadcast in the late 1990s, is still running worldwide to
this day. In doing so, anime has made significant impacts upon Western
culture. Since the 19th century, many Westerners have expressed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanophile" title="Japanophile">particular interest towards Japan</a>.
Anime dramatically exposed more Westerners to the culture of Japan.
Aside from anime, other facets of Japanese culture increased in
popularity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-53">[54]</a></sup> Worldwide, the number of people studying Japanese increased. In 1984, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Language_Proficiency_Test" title="Japanese Language Proficiency Test">Japanese Language Proficiency Test</a> was devised to meet increasing demand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-54">[55]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even domestic animation industries had made attempts at emulating anime. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a> refers to non-Japanese works of animation that emulate the visual style of anime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-whatisanime_55-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-whatisanime-55">[56]</a></sup>
Most of these works are created by studios in the United States,
Europe, and non-Japanese Asia; and they generally incorporate
stylizations, methods, and gags described in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">anime physics</a>, as in the case of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a></i>. Often, production crews either are fans of anime or are required to view anime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-56">[57]</a></sup> Some creators cite anime as a source of inspiration with their own series.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-57">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-58">[59]</a></sup> Furthermore, a French production team for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cban_Star-Racers" title="Ōban Star-Racers">Ōban Star-Racers</a></i> moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Film_Maker" title="Hal Film Maker">Hal Film Maker</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-company_59-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-company-59">[60]</a></sup> Critics and the general anime fanbase do not consider them as anime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-60">[61]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Some American animated television-series have singled out anime styling with satirical intent, for example <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> (with "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinpokomon" title="Chinpokomon">Chinpokomon</a>" and with "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_with_Weapons" title="Good Times with Weapons">Good Times with Weapons</a>"). <i>South Park</i> has a notable drawing style, itself parodied in "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FLCL_episodes" title="List of FLCL episodes">Brittle Bullet</a>", the fifth episode of the anime <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLCL" title="FLCL">FLCL</a></i>,
released several months after "Chinpokomon" aired. This intent on
satirizing anime is the springboard for the basic premise of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Mikey" title="Kappa Mikey">Kappa Mikey</a></i>, a Nicktoons Network original cartoon. Even clichés normally found in anime are parodied in some series, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Hair_Forever" title="Perfect Hair Forever">Perfect Hair Forever</a></i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_convention" title="Anime convention">Anime conventions</a> began to appear in the early 1990s, during the Anime boom, starting with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_A-Kon" title="Project A-Kon">Project A-Kon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Expo" title="Anime Expo">Anime Expo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animethon" title="Animethon">Animethon</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otakon" title="Otakon">Otakon</a>. Currently anime conventions are held annually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" title="List of anime conventions">in various cities</a> across the Americas, Asia, and Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-61">[62]</a></sup> Many attendees participate in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a>,
where they dress up as anime characters. Also, guests from Japan
ranging from artists, directors, and music groups are invited. In
addition to anime conventions, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">anime clubs</a>
have become prevalent in colleges, high schools, and community centers
as a way to publicly exhibit anime as well as broadening <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese</a> cultural understanding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-62">[63]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Viewers may also pick up on Japanese terms either within or related
to anime, though at times those words may take on different
connotations. For instance, the Japanese term <i>otaku</i> is used as a
term for anime fans beyond Japan, more particularly the obsessive ones.
The negative connotations associated with the word in Japan have
lessened in foreign context, where it instead connotes the pride of the
fans.</span>muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-37769813235014586172012-10-24T22:02:00.000-07:002012-10-24T22:09:21.327-07:00universitas budi luhur terbaik di jakarta<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">What Is Manga?</span></i> </b><br />
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<b>Manga</b> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">漫画</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> created in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, or by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> creators in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>, conforming to a style developed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the late 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> They have a long, complex pre-history in earlier <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
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In Japan, people of all ages read manga. The medium includes works in
a broad range of genres: action-adventure, romance, sports and games,
historical drama, comedy, science fiction and fantasy, mystery, horror,
sexuality, and business/commerce, among others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gravett_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Gravett-2">[3]</a></sup> Since the 1950s, manga has steadily become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> representing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>406 billion market in Japan in 2007 (approximately <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>3.6 billion) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>420 billion (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>5.5 billion) in 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wong_2006_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Wong_2006-5">[6]</a></sup> In Europe and the Middle East the market is worth $250 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup>
In 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market was valued at $175 million.
The markets in France and the United States are about the same size.
Manga stories are typically printed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> although some full-color manga exist (e.g. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorful" title="Colorful">Colorful</a></i>).
In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often
containing many stories, each presented in a single episode to be
continued in the next issue. If the series is successful, collected
chapters may be republished in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_%28comics%29" title="Trade paperback (comics)">paperback books</a> called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GravettSchodt_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-GravettSchodt-8">[9]</a></sup> A manga artist (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaka" title="Mangaka">mangaka</a></i>
in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio
and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing
company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kinsella_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Kinsella-9">[10]</a></sup> If a manga series is popular enough, it may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">animated</a> after or even during its run,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> although sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action" title="Live-action">live-action</a> or animated films<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> (e.g. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_%28manga%29" title="Star Wars (manga)">Star Wars</a></i>).<br />
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<br />
The term <i>manga</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>: <span lang="ja">漫画</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>: <span lang="ja">まんが</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>: <span lang="ja">マンガ</span>; <span class="unicode"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manga.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Manga.ogg" title="Manga.ogg">listen</a><small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor: help;">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manga.ogg" title="File:Manga.ogg"><span style="cursor: help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>; <span class="nowrap"><small>English</small> <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ŋ/ 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ŋ/ 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>) is a Japanese word referring both to comics and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartooning" title="Cartooning">cartooning</a>. "Manga" as a term used outside Japan refers specifically to comics originally published in Japan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-12">[13]</a></sup> However, manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>"), South Korea ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a>"),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup> and China, notably Hong Kong ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wong_2002_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Wong_2002-14">[15]</a></sup> In France, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_nouvelle_manga" title="La nouvelle manga">la nouvelle manga</a>" has developed as a form of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" title="Franco-Belgian comics">bande dessinée</a></i>
comics drawn in styles influenced by Japanese manga. In the United
States, people refer to what they perceive as manga-styled comics as
Amerimanga, world manga, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">original English-language manga</a>
(OEL manga). Still, the original term "manga" is primarily used in
English-speaking countries solely to describe comics of Japanese origin.<br />
<br />muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-20446872897168735942012-10-24T21:35:00.003-07:002012-10-24T22:21:53.902-07:00universitas budi luhur terbaik di jakarta<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Universitas budi luhur terbaik di jakarta</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Making of Autobot, Transformers</b></span><br />
<br />
In this article I would like to show you what kind of methods I've used
to create my picture 'Autobot'. I always liked transformers, and the
movie gave me a huge inspiration to build one. The car form of it is one
of my recent car models, a 1975 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray. I used 3D
Studio Max 9 and Vray for modeling and rendering, the postworks were
done with Photoshop.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Modeling</h2>
Because I wanted it to be able to move and transform, I had to create
bones for it too. Actually, I started with the bones - I made a biped
first and transformed it's parts to have a robot shape skeleton. <br />
<br />
<img alt="455_tid_modeling_bipeds.jpg" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_modeling_bipeds.jpg" style="border: 2px solid black; display: block; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 736px;" title="d_modeling_bipeds.jpg" width="425" /><br />
<br />
The modeling process looked like this: I modeled the robot's bodyparts
after each other from the head to to feet, and when one part was
finished, I looked for a section of the car's body that would look good
there, cut it out and placed it on the robot like an armor, and linked
them to the biped bodypart.<br />
<br />
<div style="font: 14px/14px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 5px auto; padding: auto; text-align: center; width: 95%;">
<img alt="455_tid_modeling_arm.jpg" height="325" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_modeling_arm.jpg" style="margin: 0 5px 0 5px; max-width: 736px;" title="d_modeling_arm.jpg" width="208" />
<img alt="455_tid_modeling_torso.jpg" height="238" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_modeling_torso.jpg" style="margin: 0 5px 0 5px; max-width: 736px;" title="d_modeling_torso.jpg" width="208" />
<img alt="455_tid_modeling_legs.jpg" height="325" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_modeling_legs.jpg" style="margin: 0 5px 0 5px; max-width: 736px;" title="d_modeling_legs.jpg" width="208" /></div>
<br />
I always had to pay attention not to choose a section that is too far
from robot part on the car in order to be able to create the
transforming animation in the future. Not every armor parts are from the
car body, but I tried to use as much as I can – you can see them darker
on the pictures. For the whole robot (and the car too) I used
poly-modeling and turbosmooth.<br />
<br />
<div style="font: 14px/14px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 5px auto; padding: auto; text-align: center; width: 95%;">
Modeling Wire 1</div>
<br />
<div class="adgen3d" style="margin: 5px auto; padding: auto; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://shop.3dtotal.com/catalogsearch/advanced/result/?name=la+salle" target="_blank"><img alt="Lighting_La_Salle" border="0" height="100" src="http://www.3dtotal.com/promo/tutorials/la_salle_600x100.jpg" title="Lighting_La_Salle" width="600" /></a></div>
<br />
<img alt="455_tid_modeling_wire2.jpg" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_modeling_wire2.jpg" style="border: 2px solid black; display: block; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 736px;" title="d_modeling_wire2.jpg" width="628" />
<br />
<div style="font: 14px/14px Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 5px auto; padding: auto; text-align: center; width: 95%;">
Modeling Wire 2</div>
<br />
<h2>
Materials</h2>
The car paint is a 4 layer VrayBlend material. The base layer has a low
glossiness reflection and the red colour of the car with a fresnel type
falloff texture, the second layer has black diffuse and a 1.0 glossiness
fresnel white reflection. The third layer is the little dirt and dust
on the paint, which means it is a simple black diffuse material with a
dirt mask bitmap. The fourth layer is the damaged paint, so it has
lightgrey diffuse and a low glossiness reflection, and a bitmap mask.
This mask was used also at the VrayDisplacement map, to bevel the
damaged part a bit. There aren't unique maps for every red painted part
on the bot, I made 6-7 different versions and some have been used
multiple times. <br />
<br />
<img alt="455_tid_materials_carpaint.jpg" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_materials_carpaint.jpg" style="border: 2px solid black; display: block; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 736px;" title="d_materials_carpaint.jpg" width="628" /><br />
<br />
For the robot body I made 5 metal materials. These are chrome, dirty
chrome, a slightly blue steel, copper and a shiny black metal. The
chrome is really simple, black diffuse, white reflection, and about 0.85
glossiness value. The dirty chrome is the same, but just like the car
paint, I added an extra black diffuse layer with a dirt mask using
VrayBlend. The blue steel is the main material of the robot's body. I
used a dark grey with just a little blue (RGB 60-60-70) for the diffuse,
and a noise map with black and a lighter version of the diffuse color
for the reflections. Glossiness is 0,8. The copper material has brown
diffuse (80-50-35) and reflect (130-90-75) 0,75 glossiness and a dirt
map applied just like the car paint. The shiny black is black diffuse,
dark grey reflection and 0,8 glossiness.<br />
<br />
<img alt="455_tid_materials_overall.jpg" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_materials_overall.jpg" style="border: 2px solid black; display: block; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 736px;" title="d_materials_overall.jpg" width="628" />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Lighting</h2>
For the lighting I used a Vray Dome light using a VrayHDRI texture. I
wanted a little lighter area behind the robot, so I put there a
Spotlight lighting the background.<br />
<br />
<img alt="455_tid_lighting_lights.jpg" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_lighting_lights.jpg" style="border: 2px solid black; display: block; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 736px;" title="_lighting_lights.jpg" width="628" />
<br />
<h2>
Rendering</h2>
I used Adaptive QMC Image Sampler and Catmull-Rom AA filter. GI was also
used, Irradiance Map (Medium preset) for primary and Quasi-Monte Carlo
for secondary bounces.<br />
<br />
<img alt="455_tid_autobot_shot2.jpg" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_autobot_shot2.jpg" style="border: 2px solid black; display: block; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 736px;" title="_autobot_shot2.jpg" width="628" />
<br />
<div class="adgen3d" style="margin: 5px auto; padding: auto; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://shop.3dtotal.com/catalogsearch/advanced/result/?name=bugatti" target="_blank"><img alt="Bugatti_Veyron" border="0" height="100" src="http://www.3dtotal.com/promo/tutorials/bugati_veyron.jpg" title="Bugatti_Veyron" width="600" /></a></div>
<br />
<h2>
Postworks</h2>
After some brightness, contrast and color correction I used the Burn and
Dodge tool to improve some details. Finally came the title and author's
name and the picture was finished.<br />
<br />
<img alt="455_tid_postworks.jpg" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_postworks.jpg" style="border: 2px solid black; display: block; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 736px;" title="_postworks.jpg" width="628" />
<br />
<img alt="455_tid_autobot.jpg" src="http://3dtotal.awc.lswcdn.net/admin/new_cropper/tutorial_content_images/455_tid_autobot.jpg" style="border: 2px solid black; display: block; margin: 5px auto; max-width: 736px;" title="_autobot.jpg" width="628" />muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-14762457176335850552012-09-24T21:22:00.004-07:002012-10-24T22:20:57.780-07:00History<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Anime</b> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">アニメ</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; color: #0000ee; font-family: sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 0.1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup></span>, <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Japanese" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Japanese">[a.ni.me]</a></span> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime.ogg" title="File:Anime.ogg"><img alt="" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Anime.ogg" title="Anime.ogg">listen</a>); <span class="nowrap"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/En-us-anime.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Speakerlink.svg/11px-Speakerlink.svg.png" width="11" /></a><sup class="noexcerpt"><span class="IPA" style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; color: #0000ee; font-family: sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-anime.ogg" title="File:En-us-anime.ogg">i</a></span></sup><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>)</span> are Japanese cartoons and computer animation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> The word is the Japanese abbreviated pronunciation of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>". The intended meaning of the term sometimes varies depending on the context.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">While the earliest known Japanese animation dates to 1917, and many
original Japanese animations were produced in the ensuing decades, the
characteristic anime style developed in the 1960s—notably with the work
of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>—and became known outside Japan in the 1980s.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>,
has a large audience in Japan and recognition throughout the world.
Distributors can release anime via television broadcasts, directly to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">video</a>, or theatrically, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">online</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Both hand-drawn and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer-animated</a> anime exist. It is used in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series" title="Television series">television series</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games" title="Video games">video games</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercials" title="Commercials">commercials</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>-based releases, and represents most, if not all, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>. As the market for anime increased in Japan, it also gained popularity in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Anime is currently popular in many different regions around the world.</span><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
<span style="font-size: small;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History of anime</a></span></div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_cell_1917.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="169" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Anime_cell_1917.jpg/220px-Anime_cell_1917.jpg" width="220" /></a></span>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_cell_1917.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
A cel from the earliest known Japanese animated short from 1917.</span></div>
</div>
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Screenshot from <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors" title="Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors">Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors</a></i> (1944), the first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature-length" title="Feature-length">feature-length</a> anime film</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Anime began at the start of the 20th century, when Japanese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">filmmakers</a> experimented with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> techniques also pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup>
The oldest known anime in existence first screened in 1917 – a
two-minute clip of a samurai trying to test a new sword on his target,
only to suffer defeat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> Early pioneers included <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimokawa_Oten" title="Shimokawa Oten">Shimokawa Oten</a>, Jun'ichi Kouchi, and Seitarō Kitayama.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">By the 1930s animation became an alternative format of storytelling to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action" title="Live-action">live-action</a> industry in Japan. But it suffered competition from foreign producers and many animators, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobur%C5%8D_%C5%8Cfuji" title="Noburō Ōfuji">Noburō Ōfuji</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuji_Murata" title="Yasuji Murata">Yasuji Murata</a> still worked in cheaper <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">cutout</a> not <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_animation" title="Cel animation">cel animation</a>, although with masterful results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> Other creators, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Masaoka" title="Kenzō Masaoka">Kenzō Masaoka</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuyo_Seo" title="Mitsuyo Seo">Mitsuyo Seo</a>,
nonetheless made great strides in animation technique, especially with
increasing help from a government using animation in education and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> The first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkie" title="Talkie">talkie</a> anime was <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikara_to_Onna_no_Yo_no_Naka" title="Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka">Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka</a></i>, produced by Masaoka in 1933.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-animeguide_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-animeguide-8">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kodanasha1993_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-kodanasha1993-9">[10]</a></sup> The first feature length animated film was <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momotaro%27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors" title="Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors">Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors</a></i> directed by Seo in 1945 with sponsorship by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The success of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>'s 1937 feature film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_%281937_film%29" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> influenced Japanese animators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> In the 1960s, manga artist and animator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>
adapted and simplified many Disney animation-techniques to reduce costs
and to limit the number of frames in productions. He intended this as a
temporary measure to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule
with inexperienced animation-staff.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The 1970s saw a surge of growth in the popularity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> – many of them later animated. The work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> drew particular attention: he has been called a "legend"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> and the "god of manga".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup>
His work – and that of other pioneers in the field – inspired
characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime
today. The giant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> genre (known as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a>" outside Japan), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Robot" title="Super Robot">Super Robot</a> genre under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Nagai" title="Go Nagai">Go Nagai</a> and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiyuki_Tomino" title="Yoshiyuki Tomino">Yoshiyuki Tomino</a> who developed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Robot" title="Real Robot">Real Robot</a> genre. Robot anime like the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam" title="Gundam">Gundam</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross" title="The Super Dimension Fortress Macross">The Super Dimension Fortress Macross</a></i>
series became instant classics in the 1980s, and the robot genre of
anime is still one of the most common in Japan and worldwide today. In
the 1980s, anime became more accepted in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_%28terminology%29" title="Mainstream (terminology)">mainstream</a> in Japan (although less than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>),
and experienced a boom in production. Following a few successful
adaptations of anime in overseas markets in the 1980s, anime gained
increased acceptance in those markets in the 1990s and even more at the
turn of the 21st century.</span><br />
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese write the English term "animation" in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i> as アニメーション (<i>animēshon</i>, pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Japanese" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Japanese">[animeːɕoɴ]</a></span>). Anime derives from the French phrase <i>dessin animé</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> Japanese-speakers use both the original and abbreviated forms interchangeably, but the shorter form occurs more commonly.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The pronunciation of <i>anime</i> in Japanese, <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[anime]</span>, differs significantly from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>, which has different vowels and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28linguistics%29" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>. (In Japanese each <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a> carries equal stress.) As with a few other Japanese words such as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C3%A9" title="Saké">saké</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i>, and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo_Ab%C3%A9" title="Kobo Abé">Kobo Abé</a>,</i> English-language texts sometimes spell <i>anime</i> as <i>animé</i> (as in French), with an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> over the final <i>e</i>, to cue the reader to pronounce the letter, not to leave it silent as English orthography might suggest.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Word_usage">Word usage</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">In Japan, the term <i>anime</i> does not specify an animation's nation of origin or style; instead, it serves as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_term" title="Blanket term">blanket term</a> to refer to all forms of animation from around the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup> English-language dictionaries define <i>anime</i> as "a Japanese style of motion-picture animation" or as "a style of animation developed in Japan".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Non-Japanese works that borrow stylization from anime are commonly referred to as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">anime-influenced animation</a>"
but it is not unusual for a viewer who does not know the country of
origin of such material to refer to it as simply "anime". Some works
result from co-productions with non-Japanese companies, such as most of
the traditionally animated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin/Bass" title="Rankin/Bass">Rankin/Bass</a> works, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_I.G" title="Production I.G">Production I.G</a> series <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGPX" title="IGPX">IGPX</a></i> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cban_Star-Racers" title="Ōban Star-Racers">Ōban Star-Racers</a></i>; different viewers may or may not consider these anime.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">In English, <i>anime</i>, when used as a common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, normally functions as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass noun</a> (for example: "Do you watch anime?", "How much anime have you collected?").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-20">[21]</a></sup> However, in casual usage the word also appears as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">count noun</a>. <i>Anime</i> can also be used as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppletive" title="Suppletive">suppletive</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> or classifier noun. For example, The anime <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyver:_The_Bioboosted_Armor" title="Guyver: The Bioboosted Armor">Guyver</a></i> is different from the movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guyver" title="The Guyver">Guyver</a></i>.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Synonyms">Synonyms</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">English-speakers occasionally refer to anime as "Japanimation", but
this term has fallen into disuse. "Japanimation" saw the most usage
during the 1970s and 1980s, but the term "anime" supplanted it in the
mid-1990s as the material became more widely known in English-speaking
countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bookref2_21-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bookref2-21">[22]</a></sup> In general, the term now only appears in nostalgic contexts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bookref2_21-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bookref2-21">[22]</a></sup>
Since "anime" does not identify the country of origin in Japanese
usage, "Japanimation" is used to distinguish Japanese work from that of
the rest of the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bookref2_21-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bookref2-21">[22]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">In Japan, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>"
can refer to both animation and comics. Among English speakers, "manga"
has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage
of "anime" in and outside of Japan. The term "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani-manga" title="Ani-manga">ani-manga</a>" is used to describe comics produced from animation cels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup></span><br />
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Visual_characteristics">Visual characteristics</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modernanime.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="273" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Modernanime.jpg/220px-Modernanime.jpg" width="220" /></a></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;">
Anime artists use many distinct visual styles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Many commentators refer to anime as an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_form" title="Art form">art form</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup>
As a visual medium, it can emphasize visual styles. The styles can vary
from artist to artist or from studio to studio. Some titles make
extensive use of common stylization: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLCL" title="FLCL">FLCL</a></i>, for example, has a reputation for wild, exaggerated stylization. Other titles use different methods: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Yesterday_%281991_film%29" title="Only Yesterday (1991 film)">Only Yesterday</a></i> or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-Roh" title="Jin-Roh">Jin-Roh</a></i> take much more realistic approaches, featuring few stylistic exaggerations; <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i> uses drawings which specifically do not distinguish the nationality of characters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">While different titles and different artists have their own artistic
styles, many stylistic elements have become so common that describe them
as definitive of anime in general. However, this does not mean that all
modern anime share one strict, common art-style. Many anime have a very
different art style from what would commonly be called "anime style",
yet fans still use the word "anime" to refer to these titles. Generally,
the most common form of anime drawings include "exaggerated physical
features such as large eyes, big hair and elongated limbs... and
dramatically shaped speech bubbles, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_line" title="Speed line">speed lines</a> and onomatopoeic, exclamatory typography."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The influences of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese calligraphy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">Japanese painting</a> also characterize linear qualities of the anime style. The round <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">ink brush</a> traditionally used for writing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> and for painting, produces a stroke of widely varying thickness.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime also tends to borrow many elements from manga, including text
in the background and panel layouts. For example, an opening may employ
manga panels to tell the story, or to dramatize a point for humorous
effect. See for example the anime <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare_Kano" title="Kare Kano">Kare Kano</a></i>.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Character_design">Character design</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Basic character designs use techniques implemented in cartoon design.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="The text preceding this tag needs specification from August 2012">specify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Among these techniques include the use of reference sketches to ensure character proportionality and multiple angle designs.</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Proportions">Proportions</span></span></h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Body proportions emulated in anime come from proportions of the human
body. The height of the head is considered by the artist as the base
unit of proportion. Head heights can vary as long as the remainder of
the body remains proportional. Most anime characters are about seven to
eight heads tall, and extreme heights are set around nine heads tall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-headheight_26-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-headheight-26">[27]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Variations to proportion can be modified by the artist. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_deformed" title="Super deformed">Super-deformed</a>
characters feature a non-proportionally small body compared to the
head. Sometimes specific body parts, like legs, are shortened or
elongated for added emphasis. Most super deformed characters are two to
four heads tall. Some anime works like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon_Shin-chan" title="Crayon Shin-chan">Crayon Shin-chan</a></i>
completely disregard these proportions, such that they resemble Western
cartoons. For exaggeration, certain body features are increased in
proportion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-headheight_26-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-headheight-26">[27]</a></sup> Comedic effects often utilize these variations.</span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Eye_styles">Eye styles</span></span></h4>
<span style="font-size: small;">Many anime and manga characters feature large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>,
who is believed to have been the first to use this technique, was
inspired by the exaggerated features of American cartoon characters such
as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop" title="Betty Boop">Betty Boop</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a>, and Disney's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi" title="Bambi">Bambi</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dreamland_27-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Dreamland-27">[28]</a></sup> Tezuka found that large eyes style allowed his characters to show emotions distinctly. When Tezuka began drawing <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Knight" title="Princess Knight">Ribbon no Kishi</a></i>,
the first manga specifically targeted at young girls, Tezuka further
exaggerated the size of the characters' eyes. Indeed, through <i>Ribbon no Kishi</i>, Tezuka set a stylistic template that later <i>shōjo</i> artists tended to follow.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Coloring is added to give eyes, particularly to the cornea, some
depth. The depth is accomplished by applying variable color shading.
Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade
is used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-29">[30]</a></sup> Cultural anthropologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Thorn" title="Matt Thorn">Matt Thorn</a> argues that Japanese animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized eyes as inherently more or less foreign.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga_characters_look_white_30-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga_characters_look_white-30">[31]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, not all anime have large eyes. For example, some of the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>
and Toshiro Kawamoto are known for having realistically proportioned
eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their characters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-companion_31-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-companion-31">[32]</a></sup></span><br />
<h4>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Facial_expressions">Facial expressions</span></span></h4>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
<span style="font-size: small;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Manga iconography</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime characters may employ a variety of predetermined facial expressions to denote moods and thoughts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-32">[33]</a></sup>
These techniques are often different in form than their counterparts in
Western animation, and they include a fixed iconography that's used as
shorthand for certain emotions and moods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloody_33-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bloody-33">[34]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">There are a number of other stylistic elements that are common to
conventional anime as well but more often used in comedies. Characters
that are shocked or surprised will perform a "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_fault" title="Face fault">face fault</a>",
in which they display an extremely exaggerated expression. Angry
characters may exhibit a "vein" or "stress mark" effect, where lines
representing bulging veins will appear on their forehead. Angry women
will sometimes summon a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerspace" title="Hammerspace">from nowhere</a> and strike another character with it, mainly for the sake of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> comedy. Male characters will develop a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_nose" title="Bloody nose">bloody nose</a> around their female love interests (typically to indicate arousal, which is a play on an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" title="Old wives' tale">old wives' tale</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloody_33-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-bloody-33">[34]</a></sup> Embarrassed or stressed characters either produce a massive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">sweat-drop</a>
(which has become one of the most widely recognized motifs of
conventional anime) or produce a visibly red blush or set of parallel
(sometimes squiggly) lines beneath the eyes, especially as a
manifestation of repressed romantic feelings. Characters who want to
childishly taunt someone may pull an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanbe" title="Akanbe">akanbe</a>
face (by pulling an eyelid down with a finger to expose the red
underside). Characters may also have large "X" eyes to show a knockout,
or in some cases, even illness. This is typically used for comedic
purposes. Vacant, non-reflecting eyes can be used to indicate a state of
semi-consciousness.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Animation_technique">Animation technique</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Like all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, the production processes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">storyboarding</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">voice acting</a>, character design, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_animation" title="Cel animation">cel production</a> and so on still apply. With improvements in computer technology, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> increased the efficiency of the whole production process.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime is often considered a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">limited animation</a>.
That means that stylistically, even in bigger productions the
conventions of limited animation are used to fool the eye into thinking
there is more movement than there is.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup> Many of the techniques that are used comprise cost-cutting measures while working under a set budget.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views. Backgrounds depict the scenes' atmosphere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manga.21_2-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-manga.21-2">[3]</a></sup> For example, anime often puts emphasis on changing seasons, as can be seen in numerous anime, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenchi_Muyo%21" title="Tenchi Muyo!">Tenchi Muyo!</a></i>. Sometimes actual settings have been duplicated into an anime. The backgrounds for the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Melancholy_of_Haruhi_Suzumiya_%28anime%29" title="The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (anime)">Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya</a></i> are based on various locations within the suburb of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishinomiya,_Hyogo" title="Nishinomiya, Hyogo">Nishinomiya, Hyogo</a>, Japan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The large majority of anime uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a>, which better allows for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labor" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_basic_principles_of_animation#Straight_ahead_action_and_pose_to_pose" title="12 basic principles of animation">pose to pose</a> approach and checking of drawings before they are shot – practices favored by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_industry" title="Anime industry">anime industry</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jouvanceau2004_35-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Jouvanceau2004-35">[36]</a></sup> Other mediums are mostly limited to independently made <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_subject" title="Short subject">short films</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharp2003_36-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Sharp2003-36">[37]</a></sup> examples of which are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">cutout animation</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobur%C5%8D_%C5%8Cfuji" title="Noburō Ōfuji">Noburō Ōfuji</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jouvanceau2004_35-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Jouvanceau2004-35">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cin.C3.A9math.C3.A8que2008_37-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Cin.C3.A9math.C3.A8que2008-37">[38]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> puppet animation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadahito_Mochinaga" title="Tadahito Mochinaga">Tadahito Mochinaga</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihachir%C5%8D_Kawamoto" title="Kihachirō Kawamoto">Kihachirō Kawamoto</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharp2004_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-Sharp2004-38">[39]</a></sup> and Tomoyasu Murata<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-39">[40]</a></sup> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> of Satoshi Tomioka<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-40">[41]</a></sup> (most famously <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usavich" title="Usavich">Usavich</a></i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-41">[42]</a></sup></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Camera_effects">Camera effects</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Camera angles, camera movement, and lighting play an important role
in scenes. Directors often have the discretion of determining viewing
angles for scenes, particularly regarding backgrounds. In addition,
camera angles show <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_%28graphical%29" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-production_42-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-production-42">[43]</a></sup> Directors can also choose camera effects within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>, such as panning, zooming, facial closeup, and panoramic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-43">[44]</a></sup></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Story_themes">Story themes</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">A wide variety of stories have been adapted into anime. They are sourced from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_history" title="Japanese history">Japanese history</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_literature" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, and even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">adult-oriented themes</a>. While animation for children exists, most anime are intended for an older audience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-44">[45]</a></sup></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
<span style="font-size: small;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_licensing" title="Anime licensing">Anime licensing</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">While anime had entered markets beyond Japan in the 1960s, it grew as
a major cultural export during its market expansion during the 1980s
and 1990s. The anime market for the United States alone is "worth
approximately $4.35 billion, according to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization" title="Japan External Trade Organization">Japan External Trade Organization</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-45">[46]</a></sup>
Anime has also had commercial success in Asia, Europe and Latin
America, where anime has become more mainstream than in the United
States. For example, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Seiya" title="Saint Seiya">Saint Seiya</a></i> video game was released in Europe due to the popularity of the show even years after the series has been off-air.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime distribution companies handled the licensing and distribution
of anime outside Japan. Licensed anime is modified by distributors
through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a> into the language of the country and adding language subtitles to the Japanese language track. Using a similar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_lockout" title="Regional lockout">global distribution pattern</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a>, the world is divided into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_industry" title="Anime industry">five regions</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-edited_film" title="Re-edited film">editing</a> of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-46">[47]</a></sup>
Certain companies may remove any objectionable content, complying with
domestic law. This editing process was far more prevalent in the past
(e.g. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltron" title="Voltron">Voltron</a></i>),
but its use has declined because of the demand for anime in its
original form. This "light touch" approach to localization has favored
viewers formerly unfamiliar with anime. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotech" title="Robotech">Robotech</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Blazers" title="Star Blazers">Star Blazers</a></i>
were the earliest attempts to present anime (albeit still modified) to
North American television audiences without harsh censoring for violence
and mature themes.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">With the advent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, it became possible to include multiple language tracks into a simple product. This was not the case with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS cassette</a>,
in which separate VHS media were used and with each VHS cassette priced
the same as a single DVD. The "light touch" approach also applies to
DVD releases as they often include both the dubbed audio and the
original Japanese audio with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitle_%28captioning%29" title="Subtitle (captioning)">subtitles</a>, typically unedited. Anime edited for television is usually released on DVD "uncut", with all scenes intact.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>
has played a significant role in the exposure of anime beyond Japan.
Prior to the 1990s, anime had limited exposure beyond Japan's borders.
Coincidentally, as the popularity of the Internet grew, so did interest
in anime. Much of the fandom of anime grew through the Internet. The
combination of internet communities and increasing amounts of anime
material, from video to images, helped spur the growth of fandom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-anime-internet_47-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-anime-internet-47">[48]</a></sup>
As the Internet gained more widespread use, Internet advertising
revenues grew from 1.6 billion yen to over 180 billion yen between 1995
and 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-48">[49]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Some fan groups add subtitles to anime on their own and distribute the episodes. These are known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">fansubs</a>. Before the popularity of the Internet, fansubbing used VHS as a means of distribution.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
Often, people will collect these fansubs and upload them to websites
which they also put advertisements on so as to earn money, which
violates <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> laws in many countries.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
The ethical implications of distributing or watching fansubs are topics
of much controversy even when fansub groups do not profit from their
activities. Once the series has been licensed outside of Japan, fansub
groups often cease distribution of their work. In one case, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Factory" title="Media Factory">Media Factory Incorporated</a> requested that no fansubs of their material be made, which was respected by the fansub community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-49">[50]</a></sup> In another instance, Bandai specifically thanked fansubbers for their role in helping to make <i>The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya</i> popular in the English speaking world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-50">[51]</a></sup></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
<span style="font-size: small;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television in Japan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_night_anime" title="Late night anime">Late night anime</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF_anime" title="UHF anime">UHF anime</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">TV networks regularly broadcast anime programming. In Japan, major national TV networks, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo" title="TV Tokyo">TV Tokyo</a> broadcast anime regularly. Smaller regional stations broadcast anime under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF_anime" title="UHF anime">UHF</a>. In the United States, cable TV channels such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_%28United_States%29" title="Cartoon Network (United States)">Cartoon Network</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a>, and others dedicate some of their timeslots to anime. Some, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Network" title="Anime Network">Anime Network</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUNimation_Channel" title="FUNimation Channel">FUNimation Channel</a>, specifically show anime. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax" title="Animax">Animax</a> and Disney's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetix" title="Jetix">Jetix</a> channel broadcast anime within many countries in the world. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimeCentral" title="AnimeCentral">AnimeCentral</a> solely broadcasts anime in the UK.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_on_world_culture">Influence on world culture</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Anime has become commercially profitable in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a>, as early commercially successful western adaptations of anime, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a></i>, have revealed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-commercially_successful_51-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-commercially_successful-51">[52]</a></sup> The phenomenal success of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s multi-billion <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollar</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i> franchise<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-52">[53]</a></sup> was helped greatly by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_%28anime%29" title="Pokémon (anime)">spin-off anime series</a>
that, first broadcast in the late 1990s, is still running worldwide to
this day. In doing so, anime has made significant impacts upon Western
culture. Since the 19th century, many Westerners have expressed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanophile" title="Japanophile">particular interest towards Japan</a>.
Anime dramatically exposed more Westerners to the culture of Japan.
Aside from anime, other facets of Japanese culture increased in
popularity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-53">[54]</a></sup> Worldwide, the number of people studying Japanese increased. In 1984, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Language_Proficiency_Test" title="Japanese Language Proficiency Test">Japanese Language Proficiency Test</a> was devised to meet increasing demand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-54">[55]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even domestic animation industries had made attempts at emulating anime. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a> refers to non-Japanese works of animation that emulate the visual style of anime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-whatisanime_55-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-whatisanime-55">[56]</a></sup>
Most of these works are created by studios in the United States,
Europe, and non-Japanese Asia; and they generally incorporate
stylizations, methods, and gags described in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">anime physics</a>, as in the case of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a></i>. Often, production crews either are fans of anime or are required to view anime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-56">[57]</a></sup> Some creators cite anime as a source of inspiration with their own series.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-57">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-58">[59]</a></sup> Furthermore, a French production team for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cban_Star-Racers" title="Ōban Star-Racers">Ōban Star-Racers</a></i> moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Film_Maker" title="Hal Film Maker">Hal Film Maker</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-company_59-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-company-59">[60]</a></sup> Critics and the general anime fanbase do not consider them as anime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-60">[61]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Some American animated television-series have singled out anime styling with satirical intent, for example <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> (with "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinpokomon" title="Chinpokomon">Chinpokomon</a>" and with "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_with_Weapons" title="Good Times with Weapons">Good Times with Weapons</a>"). <i>South Park</i> has a notable drawing style, itself parodied in "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FLCL_episodes" title="List of FLCL episodes">Brittle Bullet</a>", the fifth episode of the anime <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLCL" title="FLCL">FLCL</a></i>,
released several months after "Chinpokomon" aired. This intent on
satirizing anime is the springboard for the basic premise of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Mikey" title="Kappa Mikey">Kappa Mikey</a></i>, a Nicktoons Network original cartoon. Even clichés normally found in anime are parodied in some series, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Hair_Forever" title="Perfect Hair Forever">Perfect Hair Forever</a></i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_convention" title="Anime convention">Anime conventions</a> began to appear in the early 1990s, during the Anime boom, starting with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_A-Kon" title="Project A-Kon">Project A-Kon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Expo" title="Anime Expo">Anime Expo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animethon" title="Animethon">Animethon</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otakon" title="Otakon">Otakon</a>. Currently anime conventions are held annually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" title="List of anime conventions">in various cities</a> across the Americas, Asia, and Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-61">[62]</a></sup> Many attendees participate in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a>,
where they dress up as anime characters. Also, guests from Japan
ranging from artists, directors, and music groups are invited. In
addition to anime conventions, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">anime clubs</a>
have become prevalent in colleges, high schools, and community centers
as a way to publicly exhibit anime as well as broadening <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese</a> cultural understanding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime#cite_note-62">[63]</a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Viewers may also pick up on Japanese terms either within or related
to anime, though at times those words may take on different
connotations. For instance, the Japanese term <i>otaku</i> is used as a
term for anime fans beyond Japan, more particularly the obsessive ones.
The negative connotations associated with the word in Japan have
lessened in foreign context, where it instead connotes the pride of the
fans.</span>muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-19303785730769827062012-09-24T16:17:00.001-07:002012-09-24T16:17:07.739-07:00Funnily enough different versions of Spongebob<b>1. PokeSpongeMon
</b><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjonhe1ggKeNa9cZd7BdXOuZkv6VnVE_209ScqrCEN-ShNCBu7b8FRm7Ocfkq9y2OGwBdR-H1ANsgkTyU4bQUjFbbf-9cypfEBrykwlNnNxm0mMmhf9wzEx4a7CzacR3RYH57qcvhTeMPic/s1600/if-spongebob-were-a-pokemon-9757-1288627588-163.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<b> 2. SpongeBall
</b><br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_bAGDpP1qvPI/TYiGNE9JYnI/AAAAAAAAJN0/gQWMcfL8aZE/all_thumb%5B5%5D.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<b> 3. Sponge PuftGirl</b><br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjalkIp8LSmDjcifYzcNJwCh2oV8GGCh6XIYEshBnzx-ylZCTLEfd2w2qwUYxkb-x04_UG-_yslgCKRtYH7_4UaXOdDxQPmJ9idc-JfUrhVjSPXaWZc1u9h3sBkIlZlKGLn6PXFkdY3zFE/s320/Spongebob-Crazy-Fan-Art-spongebob-squarepants-3268029-600-600.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<b> 4. Angry Sponge</b><br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQVMWQZkYto4yrUsz9PJbDY1MI5GS6M9_1qz24SdWNb6yhfL1GhUFbSm0GzSRq32Dxw7zKV0sacMXWwxt-5ZLH5SBVMnNkiZmKS2f_xLcFYyR2ThzuVRcVrw-UwyJ44ekm6i4cpXKVfjk/s1600/angry-bird-sponge-bob-characters.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<b> 5. Sponge Piece</b><br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrQI93tNDLvsfsSgiNndPw7J2QMEEKOP_ghe_jtelWHBep59gI1YBOp4w3MX1MVGYCDVuRVJ8aJ2ETIkHu638ULOK3ZxRyRlNvkw6Q73hdjcuFRQvs6ozsJVnvwjSNPW1VvCrD6tC5XXuj/s400/rndt4nsk.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<b> 6. Star Sponge War</b><br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://26.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_kvkgk6ae3l1qaba38o1_500.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>7. Spongebob Ninja Pants</b><br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs70gS3SOtSd9NoFtVGpfFwyaP4Bq4VEujcgs-qi2rR4piw-gIaLEKOMTkpsfa_SJWYpju629B-wC3DajXOnk5bLKhp1YZjTijnJ2BunNpDpSGrIDph_aAQhxd93DE2im96EvYKpaZMeI/s400/Spongebob-ninjapants-spongebob-squarepants-6745099-900-800.jpg" width="400" />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: verdana,geneva,lucida,'lucida grande',arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-81063222258491106262012-09-24T16:05:00.003-07:002012-09-24T16:08:03.635-07:00the world's best animated films of all time<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">This is the</span> <span class="hps">list of</span> <span class="hps">the world's best</span> <span class="hps">animated</span> <span class="hps">films</span> <span class="hps">of all time</span>! <span class="hps">As part</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">animated</span> <span class="hps">movie lover</span> <span class="hps">then</span> <span class="hps">it is appropriate that</span> <span class="hps">I present</span> <span class="hps">this</span> <span class="hps">list</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">all</span> <span class="hps">friends</span>, <span class="hps">especially for</span> <span class="hps">my own</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Come on</span> <span class="hps">who can guess</span> <span class="hps">what</span> <span class="hps">animated</span> <span class="hps">films</span> <span class="hps">entered</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">list</span> <span class="hps">list of</span> <span class="hps">best animated</span> <span class="hps">films</span> <span class="hps">of all time</span> <span class="hps">is</span>!<br /><br /> <span class="hps">Give up</span>? <span class="hps">Read</span> <span class="hps">more</span> <span class="hps">aja</span> <span class="hps">ya</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">best animation</span> <span class="hps">movies</span> <span class="hps">ever!</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Here's</span> <span class="hps">20</span> <span class="hps">Best Animated</span> <span class="hps">Films</span> <span class="hps">of All Time</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">compass</span> <span class="hps">.. com</span>. <span class="hps">Entertainment</span> <span class="hps">Weekly</span> <span class="hps">announced</span> <span class="hps">their</span> <span class="hps">version of the</span> <span class="hps">best</span> <span class="hps">animated</span> <span class="hps">films</span>. <span class="hps">Pinocchio</span> <span class="hps">was released in</span> <span class="hps">1940,</span> <span class="hps">became</span> <span class="hps">the most</span> <span class="hps">old school</span> <span class="hps">classic</span> <span class="hps">films</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">top 20</span> <span class="hps">list of</span> <span class="hps">best animated</span> <span class="hps">films</span> <span class="hps">of all time</span>.<br /><br /> <span class="hps">The film</span> <span class="hps">is considered</span> <span class="hps">a milestone in</span> <span class="hps">Disney's</span> <span class="hps">first</span> <span class="hps">animated film</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">has</span> <span class="hps">more value</span> <span class="hps">because</span> <span class="hps">successful</span> <span class="hps">discover</span> <span class="hps">surefire</span> <span class="hps">formula</span>, <span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">presents</span> <span class="hps">an entertaining</span> <span class="hps">story concept</span> <span class="hps">also gives</span> <span class="hps">moral values</span>. <span class="hps">Pinocchio</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">at number</span> <span class="hps">18</span> <span class="hps">on the list</span>. <span class="hps">In</span> <span class="hps">order of most</span> <span class="hps">youngest</span>, <span class="hps">there</span> <span class="hps">Ghost in the</span> <span class="hps">Shell</span> <span class="hps">(1995)</span> <span class="hps">claim</span> <span class="hps">director</span> <span class="hps">Mamoru Oshii</span>. <span class="hps">This</span> <span class="hps">animated film</span> <span class="hps">tells the story of</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">soul</span> <span class="hps">who lost</span> <span class="hps">his place</span>, <span class="hps">when the bodies</span> <span class="hps">were</span> <span class="hps">controlled by</span> <span class="hps">the machine</span>.<br /><br /> <span class="hps">Meanwhile, the</span> <span class="hps">output of</span> <span class="hps">the 2009</span> <span class="hps">animated film</span>, <span class="hps">which is seen</span> <span class="hps">as the</span> <span class="hps">best</span> <span class="hps">animated film</span> <span class="hps">Up</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Coraline</span>. <span class="hps">Up,</span> <span class="hps">film director</span> <span class="hps">Pete</span> <span class="hps">Docter</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>Monsters <span class="hps">Inc.).</span> <span class="hps">Was in</span> <span class="hps">the top three,</span> <span class="hps">while the</span> <span class="hps">closing</span> <span class="hps">sequence of</span> <span class="hps">the animated film</span> <span class="hps">Coraline</span> <span class="hps">best in</span> <span class="hps">tenth position</span><span class="">.</span> <span class="hps">Any</span> <span class="hps">animated film</span> <span class="hps">about</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">in the list</span>. <span class="hps">Here's</span> <span class="hps">the full</span> <span class="hps">sequence</span>:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
20. ‘Ghost in the Shell’ (1995)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:CRcbW1oziCbBWM:http://tweaktoday.com/uploads/submission_photos/7635/Ghost-in-the-Shell-Le-Film_.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
19. ‘Waltz With Bashir’ (2008)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://woamu.blogspot.com/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:MuZvfIQHA3jb5M:http://orgconfuz.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/thumb_waltz_with_bashir1.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
18. ‘Pinocchio’ (1940)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:npuWK5wXJSawgM:http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/DP/projects/thesea/images/pinocchioDisney2.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
17. ‘Kiki’s Delivery Service’ (1989)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:OKooGwhJ3lXHrM:http://210.45.245.5/wangzuo/dingzixuan/images/kiki%27sdeliveryservice.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
16. ‘South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut’ (1999)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:BIS5bNVwk8L6WM:http://www.impawards.com/1999/posters/south_park_bigger_longer_and_uncut.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
15. ‘The Iron Giant’ (1999)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:Wk526jW3EX0JbM:http://www.crowndozen.com/main/archives/iron_giant.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
14. ‘Akira’ (1988)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ommfooNwk1gs4M:http://snarkerati.com/movie-news/files/2009/02/akira.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
13. ‘Chicken Run’ (2000)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:CUzLBeZaDeQo9M:http://www.cinemagora.co.uk/images/films/91/27791-b-chicken-run.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
12. ‘The Triplets of Belleville’ (2003)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:3KuIEUC61XDAcM:http://www.thehetre.vn/ichinews/090518230737-411-759.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
11. ‘Dumbo’ (1941)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:5h3McTki7QH_TM:http://www.tpd-bydgoszcz.ovh.org/kolorowanki_dumbo.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
10. ‘Coraline’ (2009)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:kuIC9sjXb8Q2BM:http://www.suvudu.com/suvudumedia/CoralinePoster.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
9. ‘Bambi’ (1942)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:bKWioQlmTVyLPM:http://www.popartuk.com/g/l/lgfp1627%2Bbambi-with-friends-bambi-poster.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
8. ‘Toy Story 2’ (1999)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ik3gstSkpVIaCM:http://popcritics.com/movies/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Movie_poster_toy_story_2.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
7. ‘The Incredibles’ (2004)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:sKTU4dCTUELllM:http://images.art.com/images/-/The-Incredibles-Poster-C10219976.jpeg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
6. ‘Beauty and the Beast’ (1991)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:iS5RDY5tnaXK6M:http://uweb.und.nodak.edu/%7Enatika.baker/Beauty%2520Beast%2520Cover.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
5. ‘Persepolis’ (2007)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:qUra70GR2lnpbM:http://orgconfuz.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/persepolis-poster-1.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
4. ‘The Lion King’ (1994)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:-5IIxnSxVRPT9M:http://www.teachwithmovies.org/guides/lion-king-DVDcover.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
3. ‘Up’ (2009)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:itgMhpTXcRFimM:http://analogartsensemble.net/blog/up_pixar-2.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
2. ‘Spirited Away’ (2001)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:TjK-vAysdpqLuM:http://nighthawknews.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/spirited_away.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
1. ‘WALL-E’ (2008)<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:Dse1NpIxzObkJM:http://screenrant.com/images/wall-e-poster3.jpg" />muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-24048173758623059062012-09-24T16:00:00.000-07:002012-09-24T16:12:39.061-07:005 Famous Japanese Musicians Through Anime Soundtrack<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">Anime</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">a Japanese</span> <span class="hps">animation</span>, <span class="hps">which is usually</span> <span class="hps">characterized</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">images</span> <span class="hps">featuring the</span> <span class="hps">colorful</span> <span class="hps">characters</span> <span class="hps">in a variety of</span> <span class="hps">locations and</span> <span class="hps">stories</span>, which are <span class="hps">aimed at</span> <span class="hps">a variety of</span> <span class="hps">audiences</span>. <span class="hps">Anime</span> <span class="hps">influenced style of</span> <span class="hps">drawing</span> <span class="hps">manga,</span> <span class="hps">comics</span> <span class="hps">typical Japanese</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps">word</span> <span class="hps">appearing</span> <span class="hps">in written form</span> <span class="hps">in three</span> <span class="hps">katakana characters</span> <span class="hps">a,</span> <span class="hps">ni,</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">the language of</span> <span class="hps">uptake</span> <span class="hps">of the English language</span> <span class="hps">"Animation</span>" and <span class="hps">pronounced as</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Anime<span class="atn">-</span>shon". <span class="hps">But</span> <span class="hps">did you</span> <span class="hps">know</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">during</span> <span class="hps">this</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps">soundtrack</span> <span class="hps">fills</span> <span class="hps">the beginning</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">end of</span> <span class="hps">the anime series</span>, <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps">Success</span> <span class="hps">also</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">elevate</span> <span class="hps">their names</span>. <span class="hps">Because</span> <span class="hps">Anime</span> <span class="hps">allow</span> <span class="hps">to be broadcast</span> <span class="hps">to all</span> <span class="hps">these</span> <span class="hps">dunia.Berikut</span> <span class="hps">uniknya.com</span> <span class="hps">summarizes</span> <span class="hps">five</span> <span class="hps">Japanese musician</span> <span class="hps">best known for his</span> <span class="hps">soundtrack to</span> <span class="hps">the anime</span>:<br /><br /> <b><span class="hps">1.</span> <span class="hps">Judy and</span> <span class="hps">Mary</span></b><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Who does not</span> <span class="hps atn">know "</span>Samurai <span class="hps">X</span>"? <span class="hps">Anime</span> <span class="hps">that tells of a</span> <span class="hps">samurai</span> <span class="hps">named</span> <span class="hps">Kenshin</span> <span class="hps">who wants to</span> <span class="hps">start a</span> <span class="hps">new life</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">decided not to</span> <span class="hps">kill again</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">wear</span> <span class="hps">upside</span>-edged sword. <span class="hps">Kenshin</span> <span class="hps">used to be</span> <span class="hps">known as</span> <span class="hps">the killer</span> <span class="hps">Batosai</span>. <span class="hps">Kenshin</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">an X-shaped</span> <span class="hps">wound</span> <span class="hps">on his cheek</span> <span class="hps">had</span> <span class="hps">also</span> <span class="hps">become an icon of</span> <span class="hps">the Samurai</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">Indonesia</span>, <span class="hps">since the</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">aired</span> <span class="hps">on one of the</span> <span class="hps">TV</span> <span class="hps">stations</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">Indonesia.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Anime</span> <span class="hps">opening</span> <span class="hps">song</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">a very well known</span> <span class="hps">called</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span><span class="">Sobakasu</span>" <span class="hps">hosted by</span> <span class="hps">multi</span><span class="atn">-</span>genre <span class="hps">band</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>punk, <span class="hps">rock</span>, <span class="hps">pop</span>) <span class="hps">named</span> <span class="hps">Judy</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Mary</span>. <span class="hps">Try to listen to</span> <span class="hps">the song</span> <span class="hps">below</span> <span class="hps">Sobakasu</span> <span class="hps">know who</span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">bring</span> <span class="hps">memories of</span> <span class="hps">our past</span> <span class="hps">when</span> <span class="hps">watching</span> <span class="hps">Samurai</span> <span class="hps">X</span> <span class="hps">first.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-91670 " height="637" src="http://www.uniknya.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/1133.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px none; padding: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Judy and Mary" width="450" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Judy and Mary (sumber:blogspot.com,uniknya.com)</span></div>
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><b><span class="hps">2.</span> <span class="hps">V6</span></b><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Boysband</span> <span class="hps">Japan</span> <span class="hps">consisting of</span> <span class="hps">six</span> <span class="hps">men</span> <span class="hps">who became</span> <span class="hps">famous</span> <span class="hps">with his song</span> <span class="hps">Anime</span> <span class="hps">Opening</span> <span class="hps">song</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Inuyasha" titled <span class="hps">"Change</span> <span class="hps">The</span> <span class="hps">World"</span>. <span class="hps">Inuyasha</span> <span class="hps">tells</span> <span class="hps">Kagome</span>, <span class="hps">a girl</span> <span class="hps">who finds</span> <span class="hps">another dimension</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">old well</span> <span class="hps">at home</span>, <span class="hps">the well was</span> <span class="hps">brought</span> <span class="hps">into the</span> <span class="hps">jungle, where</span> <span class="hps">stealth</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">often found</span>. <span class="hps">Kagome</span> <span class="hps">frees</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">dog</span> <span class="hps">demon</span> <span class="hps">sealed</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the sacred tree</span>, <span class="hps">stealth</span> <span class="hps">was named</span> <span class="hps">Inuyasha</span><span class="">,</span> <span class="hps">since</span> <span class="hps">their adventure</span><span class="atn">-</span>stealth <span class="hps">stealth</span> <span class="hps">eradicate</span> <span class="hps">evil</span> <span class="hps">began.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-91671 " height="714" src="http://www.uniknya.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/2125.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px none; padding: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="V6" width="450" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">V6 (sumber:blogspot.com,uniknya.com)</span></div>
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><b><span class="hps">3.</span> <span class="hps">Uura</span> <span class="hps">Saeka</span></b><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Uura</span> <span class="hps">Saeka</span> <span class="hps">is a</span> <span class="hps">Japanese</span> <span class="hps">pop-rock</span> <span class="hps">singer</span>, <span class="hps">was born on</span> <span class="hps">1 April 1989</span>. <span class="hps">The song</span><span class="atn">, titled "</span>Sha <span class="hps">la</span> <span class="hps">la</span> <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">Ayakashi</span> <span class="hps">Night</span>" <span class="hps">soundtrack</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">original</span> <span class="hps">opening</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Kekkaishi" <span class="hps">catapulted him</span> <span class="hps">participate</span>, <span class="hps">especially</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">Indonesia.</span> <span class="hps">Tells the story of</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">Kekkaishi</span> <span class="hps">Kekkaishi</span>, someone <span class="hps">who can</span> <span class="hps">create a</span> <span class="hps">Kekkai</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>square-shaped <span class="hps">seal</span>) <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">confine</span> <span class="hps">and eradicate</span> <span class="hps">stealth</span>. <span class="hps">Yoshimori</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">Kekkaishi</span> <span class="hps">clan</span> <span class="hps">Sumimura</span>, <span class="hps">every</span> <span class="hps">night he</span> <span class="hps">ghost</span> <span class="hps">hunting</span> <span class="hps">as his duty</span> <span class="hps">as a</span> <span class="hps">kekkaishi</span>.<br /><br /> <span class="hps">Yoshimori</span> <span class="hps">is not</span> <span class="hps">alone, there</span> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">also a</span> <span class="hps">Kekkaishi</span> <span class="hps">Tokine</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">Yukimura</span> <span class="hps">clan</span> <span class="hps">together</span> <span class="hps">Yoshimori</span> <span class="hps">ghost</span> <span class="hps">hunt</span> <span class="hps">every night</span>. <span class="hps">Although</span> <span class="hps">the relationship</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Yukimura</span> <span class="hps">clan</span> <span class="hps">Sumimura</span> <span class="hps">be so good</span>, <span class="hps">but</span> <span class="hps">Yoshimori</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Tokine</span> <span class="hps">bersabahat</span> <span class="hps">since childhood</span>, <span class="hps">Tokine</span> <span class="hps">had saved</span> <span class="hps">Yoshimori</span> <span class="hps">caused</span> <span class="hps">severely wounded</span>, <span class="hps">since</span> <span class="hps">sata</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">Yoshi</span> <span class="hps">Kekkaishi</span> <span class="hps">determined to</span> <span class="hps">be</span> <span class="hps">strong</span> <span class="hps">in order to</span> <span class="hps">protect</span> <span class="hps">Tokine</span>, <span class="hps">not just</span> <span class="hps">inconvenient</span> <span class="hps">as ever</span> <span class="hps">he</span> <span class="hps">do</span>.<br /><br /> <span class="hps">Kekkaishi</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>manga <span class="hps">version of</span> <span class="hps">him</span>) <span class="hps">was honored</span> <span class="hps">as a</span> <span class="hps">shounen</span> <span class="hps">manga</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>comics <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">boys</span>) <span class="hps">best</span> <span class="hps">Shogakusan</span> <span class="hps">Manga</span> <span class="hps">Award</span> <span class="hps">in 2007</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-91672 " height="726" src="http://www.uniknya.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/3106.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px none; padding: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" title=" Uura Saeka" width="450" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Uura Saeka (sumber:blogspot.com,uniknya.com)</span></div>
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><b><span class="hps">4.</span> <span class="hps">Hitomi</span> <span class="hps">Shimatani</span></b><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Through the</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>The <span class="hps">Law of</span> <span class="hps">Ueki</span>", <span class="hps">the name of</span> <span class="hps">Hitomi</span> <span class="hps">Shimatani</span> <span class="hps">exploring</span> <span class="hps">Indonesia</span>. <span class="hps">With a</span> <span class="hps">song</span> <span class="hps atn">titled "</span>Falco" <span class="hps">is used as</span> <span class="hps">the opening</span> <span class="hps">song</span> <span class="hps">of The</span> <span class="hps">Law of</span> <span class="hps">Ueki</span>, the artist <span class="hps">who debuted</span> <span class="hps">when</span> <span class="hps">I was in junior</span> <span class="hps">high school</span> <span class="hps">could</span> <span class="hps">make</span> <span class="hps">his name more</span> <span class="hps">famous</span> <span class="hps">with the success of</span> <span class="hps">the anime</span>. <span class="hps">The</span> <span class="hps">Law of</span> <span class="hps">Ueki</span> <span class="hps">tells of</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">tournament</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">determine the</span> <span class="hps">new</span> <span class="hps">god</span>, <span class="hps">the god of</span> <span class="hps">100 candidates</span> <span class="hps">have to choose</span> <span class="hps">one</span> <span class="hps">junior high school</span> <span class="hps">students</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">be</span> <span class="hps">given</span> <span class="hps">special powers</span> <span class="hps">petarungnya</span>.<br /><br /> <span class="hps">Kosuke</span> <span class="hps">Ueki</span> <span class="hps">one of the candidates</span> <span class="hps">selected by</span> <span class="hps">a god named</span> <span class="hps">Kobayashi</span> <span class="hps">and given</span> <span class="hps">the power to change</span> <span class="hps">trash into</span> <span class="hps">trees.</span> <span class="hps">The winning</span> <span class="hps">god</span> <span class="hps">Candidate</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">become</span> <span class="hps">the next</span> <span class="hps">god</span> <span class="hps">while the</span> <span class="hps">students</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">be given</span> <span class="hps">an empty</span> <span class="hps">talent</span>, <span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">allows a person</span> <span class="hps">to have</span> <span class="hps">any talent</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">have.</span> <span class="hps">Could have</span> <span class="hps atn">heard "</span>Falco" will <span class="hps">remind</span> <span class="hps">us of the</span> <span class="hps">absurdity of</span> <span class="hps">Ueki</span> <span class="hps">and his friends</span> <span class="hps">in The</span> <span class="hps">Law of</span> <span class="hps">Ueki</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-91673 " height="687" src="http://www.uniknya.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/4118.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px none; padding: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Hitomi Shimatani" width="450" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Hitomi Shimatani (sumber:blogspot.com,uniknya.com)</span></div>
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><b><span class="hps">5.</span> <span class="hps">Orange</span> <span class="hps">Range</span></b><br /><br /> <span class="hps">The band</span> <span class="hps">is one of the</span> <span class="hps">band</span> <span class="hps">Pop</span>, <span class="hps">Rock</span>, <span class="hps">R</span> <span class="hps">&</span> <span class="hps">B</span>'s most famous <span class="hps">in Japan</span>. <span class="hps">They came from</span> <span class="hps">Okinawa</span>, <span class="hps">Japan</span>, <span class="hps">was founded</span> <span class="hps">in 2001 by</span> <span class="hps">Naoto</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">Katchan</span>. <span class="hps">Many</span> <span class="hps">of their songs</span> <span class="hps">were</span> <span class="hps">used as</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps">soundtracks</span>, <span class="hps">of which the most</span> <span class="hps">famous is the</span> <span class="hps">song</span> <span class="hps">titled</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Asterisk", which was named <span class="hps">First</span> <span class="hps">Opening</span> <span class="hps">Anime</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Bleach" is <span class="hps">famous in</span> <span class="hps">Indonesia.</span> <span class="hps">In addition, the</span> <span class="hps atn">song "</span>Viva <span class="hps">Rock</span>" which <span class="hps">made</span> <span class="hps">the ending</span> <span class="hps">would have been</span> <span class="hps">a lot of</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps">Naruto</span> <span class="hps">Naruto</span> <span class="hps">Indonesia</span> <span class="hps">memorized</span> <span class="hps">audiences</span>.<br /><br /> <span class="hps">Besides</span> <span class="hps">that aired</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">Indonesia</span><span class="">, the song</span> <span class="hps">Orange</span> <span class="hps">Range</span> <span class="hps">also</span> <span class="hps">made</span> <span class="hps">many</span> <span class="hps">other</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps">soundtracks</span>, namely <span class="hps">their song</span> <span class="hps">titled</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>O2" which became the <span class="hps">opening</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Code <span class="hps">Geass</span> <span class="hps">R2</span><span class="">" and</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span>Shiawase <span class="hps">neiro</span>" <span class="hps">which is used as</span> <span class="hps">the ending</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">anime</span> <span class="hps">rock</span> <span class="hps">sama.Musik</span> <span class="hps">diselipi</span> <span class="hps">rap</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">such</span> <span class="hps">harmonious</span> <span class="hps">strains</span> <span class="hps">of the</span> <span class="hps">band</span> <span class="hps">does make</span> <span class="hps">them</span> <span class="hps">loved by</span> <span class="hps">his</span> <span class="hps">fans</span>, I also <span class="hps">include</span> <span class="hps">Orange</span> <span class="hps">Range</span> <span class="hps">fans</span>. <span class="hps atn">(</span><span class="">**)</span></span><br />
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<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_91674" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 17.15px; margin: 0px auto; orphans: 2; outline: 0px none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 2; width: 460px; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-91674 " height="678" src="http://www.uniknya.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/5114.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px none; padding: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Orange Range" width="450" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Orange Range (sumber:blogspot.com,uniknya.com)</span></div>
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muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-14181240134311057872012-09-24T15:48:00.007-07:002012-09-24T16:13:53.396-07:00Interesting Facts and Unique Around Animation One Piece<div id="aim14948305047641679675">
<div>
<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/05/kamera-3d-ternyata-sudah-ada-sejak-abad.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="Kamera 3D ternyata sudah ada sejak abad ke 19!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032815.jpg" /></a><a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/10/top-10-bangunan-dengan-langit-langit.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="TOP 10 bangunan dengan langit-langit paling MENAKJUBKAN!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" height="400" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032302.png" width="640" /></a>Bismillah 3x..,<br />
mudah"an kaga repost !!!<br />
<br />
One Piece adalah sebuah anime dan manga tentang sekelompok bajak laut
yang dipimpin oleh Monkey D. Luffy yang pergi mencari harta karun
legendaris bernama One Piece. Pada Februari 2005, One Piece mencetak
rekor di Jepang sebagai penerbitan manga yang tercepat mencapai
100.000.000 eksemplar.<br />
<br />
Pada awalnya pengarang One Piece Eiichiro Oda merencanakan One Piece
akan berjalan sekitar 5 tahun, dan dia telah menetapkan endingnya.
Tetapi dia terlalu "menikmati" jalan ceritanya dan sekarang dia tidak
tahu kapan One Piece akan berakhir. <br />
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<div class="smallfont" style="margin-bottom: 2px;">
<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>onepiece</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/06/gokiel-dimana-mana-selalu-ada-tetris.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="GOKIEL!! Dimana-mana selalu ada TETRIS!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" height="145" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916031712.jpg" width="400" /></a> </div>
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<br />
Inilah 16 fakta unik yang terungkap di dalam anime One Piece, anda percaya atau tidak? inilah fakta-faktanya:<br />
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1. Nama Karakter dari sebelas Supernova adalah Nama Bajak Laut di dunia <span class="cluetipbanner" rel="hot_text.php?q=nyata">nyata</span>.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>supernova</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/05/unik-ditemukan-tambang-berusia-12ribu.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="UNIK!! Ditemukan tambang berusia 12ribu TAHUN!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916081843.jpg" /></a> </div>
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2. Kejadian alam Pelangi Bulat adalah Kejadian Alam yg pernah terjadi di Dunia <span class="cluetipbanner" rel="hot_text.php?q=Nyata">Nyata</span>.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>pelangi</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/06/tanda-tanda-kucing-sudah-tidak-doyan.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="Tanda-tanda kucing sudah tidak DOYAN lagi sama tikus!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032557.jpg" /></a> </div>
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3. Celana yang dipakai God Enel mirip Motif batik Indonesia.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>enel</i>: </div>
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<div>
<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2012/08/gokiel-5-sahabat-yang-selalu-berpose.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="GOKIEL!! 5 sahabat yang selalu berpose SAMA tiap 5 tahun"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916031959.png" /></a> </div>
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4. Imej God Enel terinspirasi dari rapper favorit Eiichiro Oda, Eminem.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>eminem+enel</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/04/tips-saksikan-royal-wedding-secara.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="Tips saksikan Royal Wedding secara online"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032048.jpg" /></a> </div>
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5. Karakter Aokiji diambil dari Karakter Yusaku Matsuda. <br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>aokiji</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/04/ngakak-ketika-kondom-dan-softex.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="NGAKAK!! Ketika kondom dan softex berantem!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032134.jpg" /></a> </div>
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6. Seperti Aokiji, Kizaru juga diadaptasi dari salah satu artis Jepang
yg terkenal yaitu Kunie Tanaka. Nama asli Kizaru, Borsalino merupakan
nama karakter yang pernah diperankan sendiri oleh Kunie Tanaka dalam
sebuah film.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>kizaru</i>: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjVew4dsMFb92LWfkVXVZ06IMRapRC5vg8P7eHu9z2osWvxNWtzAzPZD6YmEOz8_hJkSrQnQjR7gTBfVryzBw6R30hiKzDU_RBYTiZDvvFgNfLaeEeUWZoeLigGAyb8CbuO9LzRU6A41qP/s1600/kunie+tanaka+kizaru.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjVew4dsMFb92LWfkVXVZ06IMRapRC5vg8P7eHu9z2osWvxNWtzAzPZD6YmEOz8_hJkSrQnQjR7gTBfVryzBw6R30hiKzDU_RBYTiZDvvFgNfLaeEeUWZoeLigGAyb8CbuO9LzRU6A41qP/s1600/kunie+tanaka+kizaru.jpg" /></a> </div>
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7. Shichibukai di desain menurut salah satu film kesukaan pengarang One Piece Eiichiro Oda. yaitu The Seven Samurai.<br />
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8. Thriller Bark juga di desain menurut salah satu film kesukaan Eiichiro Oda, yaitu Tim Burton's Nightmare Before Christmas.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>bark</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/04/gokiel-ketika-foto-foto-hewan-dikasih.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="GOKIEL!! Ketika foto-foto hewan dikasih TEKS!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032336.jpg" /></a> </div>
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9. Samurai Ryuma semasa hidupnya pernah diceritain di salah satu
chapter Wanted! (cerita pendek buatan Eiichiro Oda yang terdiri dari 5
chapter dibuat sebelum dia memulai membuat One Piece). karena tepat
seperti apa yang dibilang Hogback. kalo dulu Ryuma pernah membunuh naga.
Di dalam cerita Wanted! dia memang membunuh naga.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>ryuma</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/06/perkenalkan-tim-yang-dibentuk-untuk.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="Perkenalkan!! TIM yang dibentuk untuk mencari NAZARUDDIN!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032425.jpg" /></a> </div>
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10. Nama Edward Newgate dan Marshall D. Teach terinspirasi dari nama bajak laut asli yg bernama Edward Teach.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>edward newgate</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/04/foto-foto-perspektif-burung-yang-sangat.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="Foto-foto perspektif BURUNG yang sangat MENAKJUBKAN!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032505.jpg" /></a> </div>
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>teach</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/07/ketika-para-publik-figur-dunia.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="Ketika para publik figur dunia dijadikan BONEKA MINI!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032602.jpg" /></a> </div>
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11. Jurus2 dari Kizaru. Yata No Kagami dan Amakumo No Tsurugi merupakan nama2 harta legendaris mitos Jepang.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>Yata No Kagami dan Amakumo No Tsurugi</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/10/wow-10-demonstrasi-unik-dengan-cara.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="WOW!! 10 demonstrasi UNIK dengan cara BUGIL!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032647.png" /></a> </div>
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12. Kebanyakkan jurus One Piece diambil dari nama-nama Dewa (Khusus jurus God Enel : El Thor, Kiten, Jambure)<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>jurus enel</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/07/keren-foto-foto-festival-san-fermin.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="KEREN!! Foto-foto festival SAN FERMIN tahun 2011 di spanyol!!"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032738.png" /></a> </div>
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13. Perang Suku Shandia dan Pulau Langit Skypea adalah memank perang <span class="cluetipbanner" rel="hot_text.php?q=nyata">nyata</span> di suatu daerah, karena perebutan tanah dan harta.<br />
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<b>Spoiler</b> for <i>skypea</i>: </div>
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<a href="http://ide--gue.blogspot.com/2011/04/3-kebiasaan-pria-yang-dirahasiakan-dari.html#rdlink" target="_blank" title="3 kebiasaan PRIA yang dirahasiakan dari wanita"><img alt="kaskus-forum.blogspot.com - [16 pic] FAKTA UNIK DI BALIK ANIME ONE PIECE....[OPLOVERZ MASUK GAN] !!!" border="0" class="gbrpost" src="http://kkcdn-static.kaskus.co.id/images/2012/09/16/4720614_20120916032856.jpg" /></a> </div>
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muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-65339208095381385572012-09-24T06:48:00.001-07:002012-09-24T06:48:07.355-07:00Process (part 2)<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Techniques">Techniques</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Cels">Cels</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_cells.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="251" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Animation_cells.png" style="cursor: move;" width="283" /></a></div>
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<i>This image shows how two transparent cels,
each with a different character drawn on them, and an opaque background
are photographed together to form the composite image.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The cel is an important innovation to traditional animation, as it
allows some parts of each frame to be repeated from frame to frame, thus
saving labor. A simple example would be a scene with two characters on
screen, one of which is talking and the other standing silently. Since
the latter character is not moving, it can be displayed in this scene
using only one drawing, on one cel, while multiple drawings on multiple
cels will be used to animate the speaking character.<br />
For a more complex example, consider a sequence in which a boy sets a
plate upon a table. The table will stay still for the entire sequence,
so it can be drawn as part of the background. The plate can be drawn
along with the character as the character places it on the table.
However, after the plate is on the table, the plate will no longer move,
although the boy will continue to move as he draws his arm away from
the plate. In this example, after the boy puts the plate down, the plate
can then be drawn on a separate cel from the boy. Further frames will
feature new cels of the boy, but the plate does not have to be redrawn
as it is not moving; the same cel of the plate can be used in each
remaining frame that it is still upon the table. The cel paints were
actually manufactured in shaded versions of each color to compensate for
the extra layer of cel added between the image and the camera, in this
example the still plate would be painted slightly brighter to compensate
for being moved one layer down.<br />
In very early cartoons made before the use of the cel, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertie_the_Dinosaur" title="Gertie the Dinosaur">Gertie the Dinosaur</a></i>
(1914), the entire frame, including the background and all characters
and items, were drawn on a single sheet of paper, then photographed.
Everything had to be redrawn for each frame containing movements. This
led to a "jittery" appearance; imagine seeing a sequence of drawings of a
mountain, each one slightly different from the one preceding it. The
pre-cel animation was later improved by using techniques like the slash
and tear system invented by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Barre" title="Raoul Barre">Raoul Barre</a>;
the background and the animated objects were drawn on separate papers. A
frame was made by removing all the blank parts of the papers where the
objects were drawn before being placed on top of the backgrounds and
finally photographed. The cel animation process was invented by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hurd" title="Earl Hurd">Earl Hurd</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Bray" title="J. R. Bray">John Bray</a> in 1915.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Limited_animation">Limited animation</span></h3>
In lower-budget productions, shortcuts available through the cel
technique are used extensively. For example, in a scene in which a man
is sitting in a chair and talking, the chair and the body of the man may
be the same in every frame; only his head is redrawn, or perhaps even
his head stays the same while only his mouth moves. This is known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">limited animation</a>.</i> The process was popularized in theatrical cartoons by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Productions_of_America" title="United Productions of America">United Productions of America</a> and used in most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> animation, especially that of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a>.
The end result does not look very lifelike, but is inexpensive to
produce, and therefore allows cartoons to be made on small television
budgets.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id=".22Shooting_on_twos.22">"Shooting on twos"</span></h3>
Moving characters are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one
drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24
frames per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even
though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for
most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quick
movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as
"twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. A blend of the two
techniques keeps the eye fooled without unnecessary production cost.<br />
Animation for television is usually produced on tight budgets. In
addition to the use of limited animation techniques, television
animation may be shot on "threes", or even "fours", i.e. three or four
frames per drawing. This translates to only eight or six drawings per
second.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Animation_loops">Animation loops</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animhorse.gif"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Animhorse.gif/200px-Animhorse.gif" width="200" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<i>A horse animated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">rotoscoping</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>'s
19th century photos. The animation consists of 8 drawings, which are
"looped", i.e. repeated over and over. This example is also "shot on
twos", i.e. shown at 12 frames per second.</i></div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
Creating <i>animation loops</i> or <i>animation cycles</i> is a
labor-saving technique for animating repetitive motions, such as a
character walking or a breeze blowing through the trees. In the case of
walking, the character is animated taking a step with his right foot,
then a step with his left foot. The loop is created so that, when the
sequence repeats, the motion is seamless. However, since an animation
loop essentially uses the same bit of animation over and over again, it
is easily detected and can in fact become distracting to an audience. In
general, they are used only sparingly by productions with moderate or
high budgets.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Larkin" title="Ryan Larkin">Ryan Larkin</a>'s 1969 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Animated_Short_Film" title="Academy Award for Animated Short Film">Academy Award</a> nominated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> short <i>Walking</i> makes creative use of loops. In addition, a promotional music video from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network's</a> Groovies featuring the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Coughing" title="Soul Coughing">Soul Coughing</a> song "Circles" poked fun at animation loops as they are often seen in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a>,</i>
in which Fred and Barney (along with various Hanna-Barbera characters
that aired on Cartoon Network), supposedly walking in a house, wonder
why they keep passing the same table and vase over and over again.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Multiplane_camera">Multiplane camera</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplane_camera" title="Multiplane camera">Multiplane camera</a></div>
The multiplane camera is a tool used to add depth to scenes in 2D
animated movies, called the multiplane effect or the parallax process.
The art is placed on different layers of glass plates, and as the camera
moves vertically towards or away from the artwork levels, the camera's
viewpoint appears to move through the various layers of artwork in 3D
space. The panorama views in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_%281940_film%29" title="Pinocchio (1940 film)">Pinocchio</a></i>
are examples of the effects a multiplane camera can achieve. Different
versions of the camera have been made through time, but the most famous
is the one developed by the Walt Disney studio beginning with their 1937
short <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Mill" title="The Old Mill">The Old Mill</a></i>. Another one, the "Tabletop", was developed by Fleischer Studios. The Tabletop, first used in 1934's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Cinderella" title="Poor Cinderella">Poor Cinderella</a></i>,
used miniature sets made of paper cutouts placed in front of the camera
on a rotating platform, with the cels between them. By rotating the
entire setup one frame at a time in accordance with the cel animation,
realistic panoramas could be created. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ub_Iwerks" title="Ub Iwerks">Ub Iwerks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bluth" title="Don Bluth">Don Bluth</a> also built multiplane cameras for their studios.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Xerography">Xerography</span></h3>
Applied to animation by Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney studio during the late 1950s, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> copying technique called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">xerography</a>
allowed the drawings to be copied directly onto the cels, eliminating
much of the "inking" portion of the ink-and-paint process. This saved
time and money, and it also made it possible to put in more details and
to control the size of the xeroxed objects and characters (this replaced
the little known, and seldom used, photographic lines technique at
Disney, used to reduce the size of animation when needed). At first it
resulted in a more sketchy look, but the technique was improved upon
over time.<br />
The xerographic method was first tested by Disney in a few scenes of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_%281959_film%29" title="Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)">Sleeping Beauty</a></i>, and was first fully used in the short film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_II" title="Goliath II">Goliath II</a></i>, while the first feature entirely using this process was <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians" title="One Hundred and One Dalmatians">One Hundred and One Dalmatians</a></i>
(1961). The graphic style of this film was strongly influenced by the
process. Some hand inking was still used together with xerography in
this and subsequent films when distinct colored lines were needed.
Later, colored <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toner" title="Toner">toners</a> became available, and several distinct line colors could be used, even simultaneously. For instance, in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rescuers" title="The Rescuers">The Rescuers</a></i> the characters outlines are gray. White and blue toners were used for special effects, such as snow and water.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="The_APT_process">The APT process</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_process" title="APT process">APT process</a></div>
Invented by Dave Spencer for the 1985 Disney film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Cauldron_%28film%29" title="The Black Cauldron (film)">The Black Cauldron</a></i>,
the APT (Animation Photo Transfer) process was a technique for
transferring the animators' art onto cels. Basically, the process was a
modification of a repro-photographic process; the artists' work were
photographed on high-contrast "litho" film, and the image on the
resulting negative was then transferred to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cel</a>
covered with a layer of light sensitive dye. The cel was exposed
through the negative. Chemicals were then used to remove the unexposed
portion. Small and delicate details were still inked by hand if needed.
Spencer received an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Technical_Achievement" title="Academy Award for Technical Achievement">Academy Award for Technical Achievement</a> for developing this process.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Cel_overlay">Cel overlay</span></h3>
A <i>cel overlay</i> is a cel with inanimate objects used to give the
impression of a foreground when laid on top of a ready frame. This
creates the illusion of depth, but not as much as a multiplane camera
would. A special version of cel overlay is called <i>line overlay</i>,
made to complete the background instead of making the foreground, and
was invented to deal with the sketchy appearance of xeroxed drawings.
The background was first painted as shapes and figures in flat colors,
containing rather few details. Next, a cel with detailed black lines was
laid directly over it, each line drawn to add more information to the
underlying shape or figure and give the background the complexity it
needed. In this way, the visual style of the background will match that
of the xeroxed character cels. As the xerographic process evolved, line
overlay was left behind.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Computers_and_traditional_animation">Computers and traditional animation</span></h3>
The methods mentioned above describe the techniques of an animation
process that originally depended on cels in its final stages, but
painted cels are rare today as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>
moves into the animation studio, and the outline drawings are usually
scanned into the computer and filled with digital paint instead of being
transferred to cels and then colored by hand. The drawings are
composited in a computer program on many transparent "layers" much the
same way as they are with cels, and made into a sequence of images which
may then be transferred onto film or converted to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> format.<br />
It is now also possible for animators to draw directly into a computer using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablet</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintiq" title="Cintiq">Cintiq</a> or a similar device, where the outline drawings are done in a similar manner as they would be on paper. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy" title="Goofy">Goofy</a> short <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_To_Hook_Up_Your_Home_Theater" title="How To Hook Up Your Home Theater">How To Hook Up Your Home Theater</a></i>
(2007) represented Disney's first project based on the paperless
technology available today. Some of the advantages are the possibility
and potential of controlling the size of the drawings while working on
them, drawing directly on a multiplane background and eliminating the
need of photographing line tests and scanning.<br />
Though traditional animation is now commonly done with computers, it
is important to differentiate computer-assisted traditional animation
from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer animation</a>, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_%28film%29" title="Ice Age (film)">Ice Age</a>.</i> However, often traditional animation and 3D computer animation will be used together, as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bluth" title="Don Bluth">Don Bluth</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_A.E." title="Titan A.E.">Titan A.E.</a></i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_%281999_film%29" title="Tarzan (1999 film)">Tarzan</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Planet" title="Treasure Planet">Treasure Planet</a>.</i> Most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> still use traditional animation today. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks" title="DreamWorks">DreamWorks</a> executive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a>
coined the term "tradigital animation" to describe films produced by
his studio which incorporated elements of traditional and computer
animation equally, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit:_Stallion_of_the_Cimarron" title="Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron">Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad:_Legend_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas">Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas</a></i>.<br />
Interestingly, many modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtiful_Joe" title="Viewtiful Joe">Viewtiful Joe</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Wind_Waker" title="The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker">The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker</a></i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cel-shaded_video_games" title="List of cel-shaded video games">others</a> use "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel-shaded_animation" title="Cel-shaded animation">cel-shading</a>"
animation filters or lighting systems to make their full 3D animation
appear as though it were drawn in a traditional cel style. This
technique was also used in the animated movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleseed_%28film%29" title="Appleseed (film)">Appleseed</a>,</i>
and cel-shaded 3D animation is typically integrated with cel animation
in Disney films and in many television shows, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> animated series <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</span></h3>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotoscope" title="Rotoscope">Rotoscoping</a> is a method of traditional animation invented by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a>
in 1915, in which animation is "traced" over actual film footage of
actors and scenery. Traditionally, the live action will be printed out
frame by frame and registered. Another piece of paper is then placed
over the live action printouts and the action is traced frame by frame
using a lightbox. The end result still looks hand drawn but the motion
will be remarkably lifelike. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waking_Life" title="Waking Life">Waking Life</a></i> is a full-length, rotoscoped animated movie, as is <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pop" title="American Pop">American Pop</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a>. The popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music video</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-ha" title="A-ha">A-ha</a>'s song "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_on_Me#Music_video" title="Take on Me">Take On Me</a>" also featured rotoscoped animation, along with live action, in addition, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West's</a> music video for his song <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartless_%28Kanye_West_song%29" title="Heartless (Kanye West song)">Heartless</a>,
in homage to American Pop is fully rotoscoped. In most cases,
rotoscoping is mainly used to aid the animation of realistically
rendered human beings, as in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_%281937_film%29" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a>,</i> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_%281953_film%29" title="Peter Pan (1953 film)">Peter Pan</a>,</i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_%281959_film%29" title="Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)">Sleeping Beauty</a></i>.<br />
A method related to conventional rotoscoping was later invented for
the animation of solid inanimate objects, such as cars, boats, or doors.
A small live action model of the required object was built and painted
white, while the edges of the model were painted with thin black lines.
The object was then filmed as required for the animated scene by moving
the model, the camera, or a combination of both, in real time or using
stop-motion animation. The film frames were then printed on paper,
showing a model made up of the painted black lines. After the artists
had added details to the object not present in the live-action
photography of the model, it was xeroxed onto cels. A notable example is
Cruella de Vil's car in Disney's <i>One Hundred and One Dalmatians</i>.
The process of transferring 3D objects to cels was greatly improved in
the 1980s when computer graphics advanced enough to allow the creation
of 3D computer generated objects that could be manipulated in any way
the animators wanted, and then printed as outlines on paper before being
copied onto cels using Xerography or the APT process. This technique
was used in Disney films such as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_and_Company" title="Oliver and Company">Oliver and Company</a></i> (1988) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> (1989). This process has more or less been superseded by the use of cel-shading.<br />
Related to rotoscoping are the methods of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vectorizing</a> live-action footage, in order to achieve a very graphical look, like in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Linklater" title="Richard Linklater">Richard Linklater</a>'s film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Scanner_Darkly_%28film%29" title="A Scanner Darkly (film)">A Scanner Darkly</a></i>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Live-action_hybrids">Live-action hybrids</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action/animated_film" title="Live-action/animated film">live-action/animated film</a></div>
Similar to the computer animation and traditional animation hybrids
described above, occasionally a production will combine both live-action
and animated footage. The live-action parts of these productions are
usually filmed first, the actors pretending that they are interacting
with the animated characters, props, or scenery; animation will then be
added into the footage later to make it appear as if it has always been
there. Like rotoscoping, this method is rarely used, but when it is, it
can be done to terrific effect, immersing the audience in a fantasy
world where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and cartoons co-exist. Early examples include the silent <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Inkwell" title="Out of the Inkwell">Out of the Inkwell</a></i> (begun in 1919) cartoons by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fleischer" title="Max Fleischer">Max Fleischer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Comedies" title="Alice Comedies">Alice Comedies</a></i> (begun in 1923). Live-action and animation were later combined to successful effect in features such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Caballeros" title="The Three Caballeros">The Three Caballeros</a></i> (1944), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh_%28film%29" title="Anchors Aweigh (film)">Anchors Aweigh</a></i> (1945), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South" title="Song of the South">Song of the South</a></i> (1946), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_%28film%29" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a></i> (1964), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedknobs_and_Broomsticks" title="Bedknobs and Broomsticks">Bedknobs and Broomsticks</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Traffic" title="Heavy Traffic">Heavy Traffic</a></i> (1973), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coonskin_%28film%29" title="Coonskin (film)">Coonskin</a></i> (1975) <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%27s_Dragon" title="Pete's Dragon">Pete's Dragon</a></i> (1977), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></i> (1988), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-a-Doodle" title="Rock-a-Doodle">Rock-a-Doodle</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_World" title="Cool World">Cool World</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pagemaster" title="The Pagemaster">The Pagemaster</a></i> (1994) <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Jam" title="Space Jam">Space Jam</a></i> (1996), and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes:_Back_In_Action" title="Looney Tunes: Back In Action">Looney Tunes: Back In Action</a></i> (2003). Other significant live-action hybrids include the music video for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Abdul" title="Paula Abdul">Paula Abdul</a>'s hit song "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposites_Attract" title="Opposites Attract">Opposites Attract</a>" and numerous television commercials, especially for breakfast <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> marketed to children. This technique was also recently used for the Geico commercial starring Foghorn Leghorn.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Special_effects_animation">Special effects animation</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">
See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effect#Special_effects_animation" title="Special effect">Special effect#Special effects animation</a></div>
Besides traditional animated characters, objects and backgrounds,
many other techniques are used to create special elements such as smoke,
lightning and "magic", and to give the animation in general a distinct
visual appearance.<br />
Notable examples can be found in movies such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_%28film%29" title="Fantasia (film)">Fantasia</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizards_%28film%29" title="Wizards (film)">Wizards</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_%281978_film%29" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_NIMH" title="The Secret of NIMH">The Secret of NIMH</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thief_and_the_Cobbler" title="The Thief and the Cobbler">The Thief and the Cobbler</a></i>. Today the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effects" title="Special effects">special effects</a>
are mostly done with computers, but earlier they had to be done by
hand. To produce these effects, the animators used different techniques,
such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drybrush" title="Drybrush">drybrush</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrush</a>, charcoal, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_pencil" title="Grease pencil">grease pencil</a>, backlit animation or, during shooting, the cameraman used multiple exposures with diffusing screens, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_%28photography%29" title="Filter (photography)">filters</a> or gels. For instance, the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_Suite" title="Nutcracker Suite">Nutcracker Suite</a></i> segment in <i>Fantasia</i> has a fairy sequence where <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipple" title="Stipple">stippled</a> cels are used, creating a soft pastel look.muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-54666307732548225422012-09-24T06:45:00.001-07:002012-09-24T06:45:21.338-07:00Process (part 1)<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Storyboards">Storyboards</span></h3>
Traditionally-animated productions, just like other forms of animation, usually begin life as a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">storyboard</a>,</i> which is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">script</a> of sorts written with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a>, similar to a giant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a>. The images allow the animation team to plan the flow of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_%28narrative%29" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a> and the composition of the imagery. The <i>storyboard artists</i> will have regular meetings with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">director</a>, and may have to redraw or "re-board" a sequence many times before it meets final approval.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Voice_recording">Voice recording</span></h3>
Before true animation begins, a preliminary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> or "scratch track" is recorded, so that the animation may be more precisely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronized</a>
to the soundtrack. Given the slow, methodical manner in which
traditional animation is produced, it is almost always easier to
synchronize animation to a pre-existing soundtrack than it is to
synchronize a soundtrack to pre-existing animation. A completed cartoon
soundtrack will feature <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_effects" title="Sound effects">sound effects</a>, and dialogue performed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_actor" title="Voice actor">voice actors</a>.
However, the scratch track used during animation typically contains
only the voices, any vocal songs the characters must sing along to, and
temporary musical score tracks; the final score and sound effects are
added in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>.<br />
In the case of most pre-1930 sound animated cartoons, the sound was <i>post-synched;</i>
that is, the sound track was recorded after the film elements were
finished by watching the film and performing the dialogue, music, and
sound effects required. Some studios, most notably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a>,
continued to post-synch their cartoons through most of the 1930s, which
allowed for the presence of the "muttered ad-libs" present in many <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_the_Sailor" title="Popeye the Sailor">Popeye the Sailor</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop" title="Betty Boop">Betty Boop</a></i> cartoons.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Animatic">Animatic</span></h3>
Often, an <i>animatic</i> or <i>story reel</i> is made after the
soundtrack is created, but before full animation begins. An animatic
typically consists of pictures of the storyboard synchronized with the
soundtrack. This allows the animators and directors to work out any
script and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The
storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic
may be created and reviewed with the director until the storyboard is
perfected. Editing the film at the animatic stage prevents the animation
of scenes that would be edited out of the film; as traditional
animation is a very expensive and time-consuming process, creating
scenes that will eventually be edited out of the completed cartoon is
strictly avoided.<br />
Advertising agencies today employ the use of animatics to test their
commercials before they are made into full up spots. Animatics use drawn
artwork, with moving pieces (for example, an arm that reaches for a
product, or a head that turns). Video storyboards are similar to
animatics, but do not have moving pieces. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomatic" title="Photomatic">Photomatics</a>
are another option when creating test spots, but instead of using drawn
artwork, there is a shoot in which hundreds of digital photographs are
taken. The large amount of images to choose from may make the process of
creating a test commercial a bit easier, as opposed to creating an
animatic, because changes to drawn art take time and money. Photomatics
generally cost more than animatics, as they require a shoot and
on-camera talent.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Design_and_timing">Design and timing</span></h3>
Once the animatic has been approved, it and the storyboards are sent to the design departments. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_designer" title="Character designer">Character designers</a> prepare <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_sheets" title="Model sheets">model sheets</a>
for all important characters and props in the film. These model sheets
will show how a character or object looks from a variety of angles with a
variety of poses and expressions, so that all artists working on the
project can deliver consistent work. Sometimes, small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a> known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquette" title="Maquette">maquettes</a></i> may be produced, so that an animator can see what a character looks like in three dimensions. At the same time, the <i>background stylists</i> will do similar work for the settings and locations in the project, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director" title="Art director">art directors</a> and <i>color stylists</i> will determine the art style and color schemes to be used.<br />
While design is going on, the <i>timing director</i> (who in many
cases will be the main director) takes the animatic and analyzes exactly
what poses, drawings, and lip movements will be needed on what frames.
An <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">exposure sheet</a></i> (or <i>X-sheet</i>
for short) is created; this is a printed table that breaks down the
action, dialogue, and sound frame-by-frame as a guide for the animators.
If a film is based more strongly in music, a <i>bar sheet</i> may be
prepared in addition to or instead of an X-sheet. Bar sheets show the
relationship between the on-screen action, the dialogue, and the actual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> used in the score.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Layout">Layout</span></h3>
<i>Layout</i> begins after the designs are completed and approved by
the director. The layout process is the same as the blocking out of
shots by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a>
on a live-action film. It is here that the background layout artists
determine the camera angles, camera paths, lighting, and shading of the
scene. Character layout artists will determine the major poses for the
characters in the scene, and will make a drawing to indicate each pose.
For short films, character layouts are often the responsibility of the
director.<br />
The layout drawings and storyboards are then spliced, along with the
audio and an animatic is formed (not to be confused by its predecessor
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_reel" title="Leica reel">leica reel</a>). The term "animatic" was originally coined by Disney animation studios.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Animation">Animation</span></h3>
Once the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatic" title="Animatic">Animatic</a> is finally approved by the director, animation begins.<br />
In the traditional animation process, animators will begin by drawing
sequences of animation on sheets of transparent paper perforated to fit
the peg bars in their desks, often using colored <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencils</a>,
one picture or "frame" at a time. A peg bar is an animation tool that
is used in traditional (cel) animation to keep the drawings in place.
The pins in the peg bar match the holes in the paper. It is attached to
the animation desk or light table depending on which is being used. A <i>key animator</i> or <i>lead animator</i> will draw the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">key drawings</a>
in a scene, using the character layouts as a guide. The key animator
draws enough of the frames to get across the major points of the action;
in a sequence of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_character" title="Fictional character">character</a>
jumping across a gap, the key animator may draw a frame of the
character as he is about to leap, two or more frames as the character is
flying through the air, and the frame for the character landing on the
other side of the gap.<br />
Timing is important for the animators drawing these frames; each
frame must match exactly what is going on in the soundtrack at the
moment the frame will appear, or else the discrepancy between sound and
visual will be distracting to the audience. For example, in high-budget
productions, extensive effort is given in making sure a speaking
character's mouth matches in shape the sound that character's actor is
producing as he or she speaks.<br />
While working on a scene, a key animator will usually prepare a <i>pencil test</i>
of the scene. A pencil test is a preliminary version of the final
animated scene; the pencil drawings are quickly photographed or scanned
and synced with the necessary soundtracks. This allows the animation to
be reviewed and improved upon before passing the work on to his <i>assistant animators,</i>
who will go add details and some of the missing frames in the scene.
The work of the assistant animators is reviewed, pencil-tested, and
corrected until the lead animator is ready to meet with the director and
have his scene <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_box" title="Sweat box">sweatboxed</a></i>,
or reviewed by the director, producer, and other key creative team
members. Similar to the storyboarding stage, an animator may be required
to re-do a scene many times before the director will approve it.<br />
In high-budget animated productions, often each major character will
have an animator or group of animators solely dedicated to drawing that
character. The group will be made up of one supervising animator, a
small group of key animators, and a larger group of assistant animators.
For scenes where two characters interact, the key animators for both
characters will decide which character is "leading" the scene, and that
character will be drawn first. The second character will be animated to
react to and support the actions of the "leading" character.<br />
Once the key animation is approved, the lead animator forwards the scene on to the <i>clean-up department,</i> made up of the <i>clean-up animators</i> and the <i>inbetweeners.</i>
The clean-up animators take the lead and assistant animators' drawings
and trace them onto a new sheet of paper, taking care in including all
of the details present on the original model sheets, so that it appears
that one person animated the entire film. The <i>inbetweeners</i> will draw in whatever frames are still missing <i>in between</i> the other animators' drawings. This procedure is called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweening" title="Tweening">tweening</a>. The resulting drawings are again pencil-tested and sweatboxed until they meet approval.<br />
At each stage during pencil animation, approved artwork is spliced into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_reel" title="Leica reel">Leica reel</a>.<br />
This process is the same for both <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">character animation</a></i> and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effects_animation" title="Special effects animation">special effects animation</a></i>,
which on most high-budget productions are done in separate departments.
Effects animators animate anything that moves and is not a character,
including props, vehicles, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machinery</a> and phenomena such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a>.
Sometimes, instead of drawings, a number of special processes are used
to produce special effects in animated films; rain, for example, has
been created in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Disney animated</a> films since the late-1930s by filming <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-motion" title="Slow-motion">slow-motion</a> footage of water in front of a black background, with the resulting film superimposed over the animation.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Pencil_test">Pencil test</span></h3>
After all the drawings are cleaned-up, they are then photographed on an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_camera" title="Animation camera">animation camera</a>, usually on black and white <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a>. Nowadays, pencil tests can be made using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a>, and computer software.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Backgrounds">Backgrounds</span></h3>
While the animation is being done, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_artist" title="Background artist">background artists</a></i> will <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paint</a> the sets over which the action of each animated sequence will take place. These backgrounds are generally done in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic paint</a>, although some animated productions have used backgrounds done in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paint</a>, or even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayon</a>.
Background artists follow very closely the work of the background
layout artists and color stylists (which is usually compiled into a
workbook for their use), so that the resulting backgrounds are
harmonious in tone with the character designs.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_ink-and-paint_and_camera">Traditional ink-and-paint and camera</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
<br /></div>
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</div>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:File-Inkandpaint.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="101" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/File-Inkandpaint.jpg/150px-File-Inkandpaint.jpg" width="150" /></a>Once the clean-ups and in-between drawings for a sequence are completed, they are prepared for photography, a process known as <i>ink-and-paint.</i> Each drawing is then transferred from paper to a thin, clear sheet of plastic called a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">cel</a>,</i> a contraction of the material name <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a> (the original flammable <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_nitrate" title="Cellulose nitrate">cellulose nitrate</a> was later replaced with the more stable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a>). The outline of the drawing is inked or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocopying" title="Photocopying">photocopied</a> onto the cel, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a>
or a similar type of paint is used on the reverse sides of the cels to
add colors in the appropriate shades. In many cases, characters will
have more than one color palette assigned to them; the usage of each one
depends upon the mood and lighting of each scene. The transparent
quality of the cel allows for each character or object in a frame to be
animated on different cels, as the cel of one character can be seen
underneath the cel of another; and the opaque background will be seen
beneath all of the cels.<br />
When an entire sequence has been transferred to cels, the photography
process begins. Each cel involved in a frame of a sequence is laid on
top of each other, with the background at the bottom of the stack. A
piece of glass is lowered onto the artwork in order to flatten any
irregularities, and the composite image is then photographed by a
special <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_camera" title="Animation camera">animation camera</a>, also called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostrum_camera" title="Rostrum camera">rostrum camera</a>.
The cels are removed, and the process repeats for the next frame until
each frame in the sequence has been photographed. Each cel has <i>registration holes,</i> small holes along the top or bottom edge of the cel, which allow the cel to be placed on corresponding <a class="external text" href="http://www.saunalahti.fi/animato/pegbar/pegs.html" rel="nofollow">peg bars</a>
before the camera to ensure that each cel aligns with the one before
it; if the cels are not aligned in such a manner, the animation, when
played at full speed, will appear "jittery." Sometimes, frames may need
to be photographed more than once, in order to implement
superimpositions and other camera effects. Pans are created by either
moving the cels or backgrounds one step at a time over a succession of
frames (the camera does not pan; it only zooms in and out).<br />
<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;">
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animationcamera.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="190" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Animationcamera.jpg/150px-Animationcamera.jpg" width="150" /></a>As the scenes come out of final photography, they are spliced into
the Leica reel, taking the place of the pencil animation. Once every
sequence in the production has been photographed, the final film is sent
for development and processing, while the final music and sound effects
are added to the soundtrack. Again, editing in the traditional
live-action sense is generally not done in animation, but if it is
required it is done at this time, before the final print of the film is
ready for duplication or broadcast.<br />
Among the most common types of animation rostrum cameras was the
Oxberry. Such cameras were always made of black anodized aluminum, and
commonly had 2 pegbars, one at the top and one at the bottom of the
lightbox. The Oxberry Master Series had four pegbars, two above and two
below, and sometimes used a "floating pegbar" as well. The height of the
column on which the camera was mounted determined the amount of zoom
achievable on a piece of artwork. Such cameras were massive mechanical
affairs which might weigh close to a ton and take hours to break down or
set up.<br />
In the later years of the animation rostrum camera, stepper motors
controlled by computers were attached to the various axes of movement of
the camera, thus saving many hours of hand cranking by human operators.
A notable early use of computer cameras was in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_IV:_A_New_Hope" title="Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope">Star Wars</a></i>
(1977), using the Dykstra system at Lucas' Sun Valley facility.
Gradually, motion control techniques were adopted throughout the
industry. While several computer camera software packages became
available in the early 1980s, the Tondreau System became one of the most
widely adopted.<br />
Digital ink and paint processes gradually made these traditional animation techniques and equipment obsolete.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Digital_ink_and_paint">Digital ink and paint</span></h3>
The current process, termed "digital ink and paint," is the same as
traditional ink and paint until after the animation drawings are
completed; instead of being transferred to cels, the animators' drawings
are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanned</a> into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>,
where they are colored and processed using one or more of a variety of
software packages. The resulting drawings are composited in the computer
over their respective backgrounds, which have also been scanned into
the computer (if not digitally painted), and the computer outputs the
final film by either exporting a digital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> file, using a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_cassette_recorder" title="Video cassette recorder">video cassette recorder</a>, or printing to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>
using a high-resolution output device. Use of computers allows for
easier exchange of artwork between departments, studios, and even
countries and continents (in most low-budget animated productions, the
bulk of the animation is actually done by animators working in other
countries, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>).<br />
The last major feature film to use traditional ink and paint was Studio Ghibli's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mononoke" title="Princess Mononoke">Princess Mononoke</a></i> (1997); the last major animation production to use the traditional process is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy" title="Ed, Edd n Eddy">Ed, Edd n Eddy</a></i> (1999–2009), although it was forced to switch to digital paint in 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Minor productions such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_High" title="Hair High">Hair High</a> (2004) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Plympton" title="Bill Plympton">Bill Plympton</a> have used traditional cels long after the introduction of digital techniques. Digital ink and paint has been in use at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Feature_Animation" title="Walt Disney Feature Animation">Walt Disney Feature Animation</a> since 1989, where it was used for the final rainbow shot in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_%281989_film%29" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a>.</i> All subsequent Disney animated features were digitally inked-and-painted (starting with <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under" title="The Rescuers Down Under">The Rescuers Down Under</a></i>, which was also the first major feature film to entirely use digital ink and paint), using Disney's proprietary <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPS_%28Computer_Animation_Production_System%29" title="CAPS (Computer Animation Production System)">CAPS</a> (Computer Animation Production System) technology, developed primarily by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> (the last Disney feature using CAPS was <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_on_the_Range_%282004_film%29" title="Home on the Range (2004 film)">Home on the Range</a></i>). Most other studios use one of a number of other high-end software packages such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_Boom_Animation" title="Toon Boom Animation">Toon Boom Harmony</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.toonz.com/htm/products/prod64B.htm" rel="nofollow">Toonz Bravo!</a>, Animo, and even consumer-level applications such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_Boom_Studio" title="Toon Boom Studio">Toon Boom Studio</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVPaint" title="TVPaint">TVPaint</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://www.toonz.com/htm/products/prod64H.htm" rel="nofollow">Toonz Harlequin</a>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Computers_and_digital_video_cameras">Computers and digital video cameras</span></h3>
Computers and digital video cameras can also be used as tools in
traditional cel animation without affecting the film directly, assisting
the animators in their work and making the whole process faster and
easier. Doing the layouts on a computer is much more effective than
doing it by traditional methods. Additionally, video cameras give the
opportunity to see a "preview" of the scenes and how they will look when
finished, enabling the animators to correct and improve upon them
without having to complete them first. This can be considered a digital
form of <i>pencil testing</i>.muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-79408097933578316982012-09-24T06:29:00.001-07:002012-09-24T06:29:59.973-07:00History<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Chinese characters</a> used to write the word <i>manga</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>
can be translated as "whimsical drawings". The word first came into
common usage in the late 18th century with the publication of such works
as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8Dden" title="Santō Kyōden">Santō Kyōden</a>'s picturebook <i>Shiji no yukikai</i> (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's <i>Manga hyakujo</i> (1814) and the celebrated <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokusai_Manga" title="Hokusai Manga">Hokusai Manga</a></i> books (1814–1834) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> artist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hokusai_15-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Hokusai-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakuten_Kitazawa" title="Rakuten Kitazawa">Rakuten Kitazawa</a> (1876–1955) first used the word "manga" in the modern sense.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Manga_no_Jiten_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Manga_no_Jiten-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_characteristics">History and characteristics</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History of manga</a></div>
Modern manga originated in the Occupation (1945–1952) and
post-Occupation years (1952–early 1960s), while a previously
militaristic and ultra-nationalist Japan rebuilt its political and
economic infrastructure.<br />
Writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary
processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring
during and after the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Japan" title="Occupied Japan">U.S. Occupation of Japan</a> (1945–1952), and stresses U.S. cultural influences, including U.S. comics (brought to Japan by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._%28military%29" title="G.I. (military)">GIs</a>) and images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Alternately, other writers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_L._Schodt" title="Frederik L. Schodt">Frederik L. Schodt</a>, Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions, including pre-war, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period" title="Meiji period">Meiji</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">pre-Meiji</a> culture and art.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the post-war period,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> involving manga artists such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a></i>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiko_Hasegawa" title="Machiko Hasegawa">Machiko Hasegawa</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazae-san" title="Sazae-san">Sazae-san</a></i>). <i>Astro Boy</i> quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> and the anime adaptation of <i>Sazae-san</i> drawing more viewers than any other anime on Japanese television in 2011<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.
Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. In Tezuka's
"cinematographic" technique, the panels are like a motion picture that
reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid
zooms from distance to close-up shots. This kind of visual dynamism was
widely adopted by later manga artists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schodt_1986_21-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Schodt_1986-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Hasegawa's focus on daily life and on women's experience also came to characterize later <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo manga</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup>
Between 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga
emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing
genres, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">shōnen manga</a></i> aimed at boys and <i>shōjo</i> manga aimed at girls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 1969 a group of female manga artists (later called the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_24_Group" title="Year 24 Group">Year 24 Group</a></i>, also known as <i>Magnificent 24s</i>) made their <i>shōjo</i> manga debut ("year 24" comes from the Japanese name for the year 1949, the birth-year of many of these artists).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> The group included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto_Hagio" title="Moto Hagio">Hagio Moto</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyoko_Ikeda" title="Riyoko Ikeda">Riyoko Ikeda</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumiko_Oshima" title="Yumiko Oshima">Yumiko Oshima</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_Takemiya" title="Keiko Takemiya">Keiko Takemiya</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryoko_Yamagishi" title="Ryoko Yamagishi">Ryoko Yamagishi</a>, and they marked the first major entry of female artists into manga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GravettSchodt_8-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-GravettSchodt-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, primarily female manga artists would draw <i>shōjo</i> for a readership of girls and young women.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> In the following decades (1975–present), <i>shōjo</i> manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ogi_26-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Ogi-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> Major subgenres include romance, superheroines, and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese, <i>redisu</i> <span lang="ja">レディース</span>, <i>redikomi</i> <span lang="ja">レディコミ</span>, and <i>josei</i> <span lang="ja">女性</span>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Modern <i>shōjo</i> manga romance features love as a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_%28spiritual%29" title="Enlightenment (spiritual)">self-realization</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Drazen_28-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Drazen-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> With the superheroines, <i>shōjo</i> manga saw releases such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Hanamori" title="Pink Hanamori">Pink Hanamori</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid_Melody_Pichi_Pichi_Pitch" title="Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch">Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiko_Yoshida" title="Reiko Yoshida">Reiko Yoshida</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Mew_Mew" title="Tokyo Mew Mew">Tokyo Mew Mew</a></i>, And, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi" title="Naoko Takeuchi">Naoko Takeuchi</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon</a></i>, which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Groups (or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai" title="Sentai">sentais</a></i>)
of girls working together have also been popular within this genre.
Like Lucia, Hanon, and Rina singing together, and Sailor Moon, Sailor
Mercury, Sailor Mars, Sailor Jupiter, and Sailor Venus working together.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Poitras_30-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Poitras-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Manga for male readers sub-divides according to the age of its intended readership: boys up to 18 years old (<i>shōnen</i> manga) and young men 18- to 30-years old (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinen" title="Seinen">seinen</a></i> manga);<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup>
as well as by content, including action-adventure often involving male
heroes, slapstick humor, themes of honor, and sometimes explicit
sexuality.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brenner_32-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Brenner-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> The Japanese use different kanji for two closely allied meanings of "seinen"—<span lang="ja">青年</span> for "youth, young man" and <span lang="ja">成年</span> for "adult, majority"—the second referring to sexually overt manga aimed at grown men and also called <i>seijin</i> ("adult" <span lang="ja">成人</span>) manga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Shōnen</i>, <i>seinen</i>, and <i>seijin</i> manga share many features in common.<br />
Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, <i>shōnen</i>
manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy,
including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic
action-adventure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> Popular themes include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a> generally did not become as popular.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has
evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty
girls (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">bishōjo</a></i>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belldandy" title="Belldandy">Belldandy</a> from <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess%21_%28manga%29" title="Oh My Goddess! (manga)">Oh My Goddess!</a></i>, stories where such girls and women surround the hero, as in <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negima%21:_Magister_Negi_Magi" title="Negima!: Magister Negi Magi">Negima</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanaukyo_Maid_Team" title="Hanaukyo Maid Team">Hanaukyo Maid Team</a></i>, or groups of heavily armed female warriors (<i>sentō bishōjo</i>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s, a wide
variety of explicit sexual themes appeared in manga intended for male
readers, and correspondingly occur in English translations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PCmono_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-PCmono-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> However, in 2010 the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a> passed a bill to restrict harmful content.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">gekiga</a></i>
style of drawing—emotionally dark, often starkly realistic, sometimes
very violent—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life,
often drawn in gritty and unpretty fashions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Gekiga</i> such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampei_Shirato" title="Sampei Shirato">Sampei Shirato</a>'s 1959–1962 <i>Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments</i> (<i>Ninja Bugeichō</i>) arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left-wing student and working-class political activism<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SchodtG_41-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-SchodtG-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Tatsumi" title="Yoshihiro Tatsumi">Yoshihiro Tatsumi</a> with existing manga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Publications">Publications</span></h2>
In Japan, manga constituted an annual 406 billion yen (approximately $3.6 billion USD) publication-industry by 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IndustrySize_43-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-IndustrySize-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup>
Recently, the manga industry has expanded worldwide, where distribution
companies license and reprint manga into their native languages.<br />
After a series has run for a while, publishers often collect the
stories together and print them in dedicated book-sized volumes, called <i>tankōbon</i>. These are the equivalent of U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_%28comics%29" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperbacks</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a>.
These volumes use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who
want to "catch up" with a series so they can follow it in the magazines
or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive.
Recently, "deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have
gotten older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have
also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100
yen (about $1 U.S. dollar) each to compete with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used book</a> market.<br />
Marketeers primarily classify manga by the age and gender of the target readership.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schodt_1996_44-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Schodt_1996-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> In particular, books and magazines sold to boys (<i>shōnen</i>) and girls (<i>shōjo</i>)
have distinctive cover art and are placed on different shelves in most
bookstores. Due to cross-readership, consumer response is not limited by
demographics. For example, male readers subscribing to a series
intended for girls and so on.<br />
Japan also has <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_caf%C3%A9" title="Manga café">manga cafés</a>, or <i>manga kissa</i> (<i>kissa</i> is an abbreviation of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissaten" title="Kissaten">kissaten</a></i>). At a <i>manga kissa</i>, people drink <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_%28drink%29" title="Coffee (drink)">coffee</a> and read manga, and sometimes stay there overnight.<br />
There has been an increase in the amount of publications of original <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmanga" title="Webmanga">webmanga</a>.
It is internationally drawn by enthusiasts of all levels of experience,
and is intended for online viewing. It can be ordered in graphic novel
form if available in print.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_International_Manga_Museum" title="Kyoto International Manga Museum">Kyoto International Manga Museum</a> maintains a very large website listing manga published in Japanese.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KyMM_45-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-KyMM-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Magazines">Magazines</span></h3>
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See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">List of manga magazines</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkoTi_htF88eFgrNIUbbW-a08_eglHFf0csP51BjzTaj2O1Q6DAgSg9dTJqVtu1LYsShjt0fu8zjpeKCdj2-fW9CcayHk2gZnhZrd7t03lv_3_w4-rgBSpTOz9A4zT65TZ3lhGhEbqBOc/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkoTi_htF88eFgrNIUbbW-a08_eglHFf0csP51BjzTaj2O1Q6DAgSg9dTJqVtu1LYsShjt0fu8zjpeKCdj2-fW9CcayHk2gZnhZrd7t03lv_3_w4-rgBSpTOz9A4zT65TZ3lhGhEbqBOc/s1600/2.jpg" /></a>Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrently with
approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other
magazines such as the anime fandom magazine <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtype_%28magazine%29" title="Newtype (magazine)">Newtype</a></i> featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakayoshi" title="Nakayoshi">Nakayoshi</a></i>
feature many stories written by many different artists; these
magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known
(colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality
newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick.
Manga magazines also contain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-shot_%28comics%29" title="One-shot (comics)">one-shot comics</a> and various four-panel <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">yonkoma</a></i> (equivalent to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a>).
Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Manga
artists sometimes start out with a few "one-shot" manga projects just to
try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good
reviews, they are continued. Magazines often have a short life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h4>
Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyosai created the first manga magazine in 1874: <i>Eshinbun Nipponchi</i>. The magazine was heavily influenced by <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_Punch&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Japan Punch (page does not exist)">Japan Punch</a></i>, founded in 1862 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wirgman" title="Charles Wirgman">Charles Wirgman</a>, a British cartoonist. <i>Eshinbun Nipponchi</i> had a very simple style of drawings and did not become popular with many people. <i>Eshinbun Nipponchi</i> ended after three issues. The magazine <i>Kisho Shimbun</i> in 1875 was inspired by <i>Eshinbun Nipponchi</i>, which was followed by <i>Marumaru Chinbun</i> in 1877, and then <i>Garakuta Chinpo</i> in 1879.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_Sekai" title="Shōnen Sekai">Shōnen Sekai</a></i> was the first <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen" title="Shōnen">shōnen</a></i> magazine created in 1895 by Iwaya Sazanami, a famous writer of Japanese children's literature back then. <i>Shōnen Sekai</i> had a strong focus on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JapanFocus_48-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-JapanFocus-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 1905 the manga-magazine publishing boom started with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Poten_49-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Poten-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Tokyo Pakku</i> was created and became a huge hit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pakku_50-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Pakku-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> After <i>Tokyo Pakku</i> in 1905, a female version of <i>Shōnen Sekai</i> was created and named <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_Sekai" title="Shōjo Sekai">Shōjo Sekai</a></i>, considered the first <i>shōjo</i> magazine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wartime_Asia_51-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Wartime_Asia-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Shōnen Pakku</i> was made and is considered the first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_manga" title="Children's manga">children's manga</a> magazine. The children's demographic was in an early stage of development in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>. <i>Shōnen Pakku</i> was influenced from foreign children's magazines such as <i>Puck</i> which an employee of Jitsugyō no Nihon (publisher of the magazine) saw and decided to emulate. In 1924, <i>Kodomo Pakku</i> was launched as another children's manga magazine after <i>Shōnen Pakku</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pakku_50-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Pakku-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> During the boom, <i>Poten</i> (derived from the French "potin") was published in 1908. All the pages were in full color with influences from <i>Tokyo Pakku</i> and <i>Osaka Pakku</i>. It is unknown if there were any more issues besides the first one.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Poten_49-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Poten-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Kodomo Pakku</i>
was launched May 1924 by Tokyosha and featured high-quality art by many
members of the manga artistry like Takei Takeo, Takehisa Yumeji and Aso
Yutaka. Some of the manga featured <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_balloons" title="Speech balloons">speech balloons</a>, where other manga from the previous eras did not use speech balloons and were silent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pakku_50-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Pakku-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Published from May 1935 to January 1941, <i>Manga no Kuni</i> coincided with the period of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. <i>Manga no Kuni</i> featured information on becoming a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaka" title="Mangaka">mangaka</a> and on other comics industries around the world. <i>Manga no Kuni</i> handed its title to <i>Sashie Manga Kenkyū</i> in August 1940.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MangaKuni_52-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-MangaKuni-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<b><span class="mw-headline" id="D.C5.8Djinshi"><i>Dōjinshi</i></span></b><br />
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" title="Dōjinshi">Dōjinshi</a></div>
<i>Dōjinshi</i>, produced by small publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market, resemble in their publishing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">small-press</a> independently published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> in the United States. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiket" title="Comiket">Comiket</a>, the largest comic book <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28meeting%29" title="Convention (meeting)">convention</a> in the world with around 500,000 visitors gathering over three days, is devoted to <i>dōjinshi</i>. While they most often contain original stories, many are parodies of or include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_%28arts%29" title="Character (arts)">characters</a> from popular manga and anime series. Some <i>dōjinshi</i> continue with a series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters, much like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a>. In 2007, <i>dōjinshi</i> sold for 27.73 billion yen (245 million USD).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IndustrySize_43-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-IndustrySize-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="International_markets">International markets</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">Manga outside Japan</a></div>
By 2007 the influence of manga on international comics had grown considerably over the past two decades.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> "Influence" is used here to refer to effects on the comics markets outside of Japan and to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> effects on comics artists internationally.<br />
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manga_reading_direction.svg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="192" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Manga_reading_direction.svg/150px-Manga_reading_direction.svg.png" width="150" /></a>Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">right to left</a>.
Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. Other
publishers mirror the pages horizontally before printing the
translation, changing the reading direction to a more "Western" left to
right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional
comics-consumers. This practice is known as "flipping".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farago_54-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Farago-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup>
For the most part, criticism suggests that flipping goes against the
original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a
shirt that reads "MAY" on it, and gets flipped, then the word is altered
to "YAM"), who may be ignorant of how awkward it is to read comics when
the eyes must flow through the pages and text in opposite directions,
resulting in an experience that's quite distinct from reading something
that flows homogeneously. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar
asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with the
gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or a shirt with the
buttons on the wrong side, but these issues are minor when compared to
the unnatural reading flow, and some of them could be solved with an
adaptation work that goes beyond just translation and blind flipping.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span></h3>
Manga made their way only gradually into U.S. markets, first in association with anime and then independently.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Patten_56-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Patten-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Some U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_%28person%29" title="Fan (person)">fans</a> became aware of manga in the 1970s and early 1980s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Patten2_57-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Patten2-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to U.S. fans,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup>
many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to
obtain, subtitle, and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate,
reproduce, and distribute <i>tankōbon</i>-style manga books.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U.S. was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiji_Nakazawa" title="Keiji Nakazawa">Keiji Nakazawa</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot_Gen" title="Barefoot Gen">Barefoot Gen</a></i>, an autobiographical story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by Leonard Rifas and Educomics (1980–1982).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgo_13" title="Golgo 13">Golgo 13</a></i> in 1986, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Wolf_and_Cub" title="Lone Wolf and Cub">Lone Wolf and Cub</a></i> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Comics" title="First Comics">First Comics</a> in 1987, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamui_%28manga%29" title="Kamui (manga)">Kamui</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_88" title="Area 88">Area 88</a></i>, and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_the_Psychic_Girl" title="Mai the Psychic Girl">Mai the Psychic Girl</a></i>, also in 1987 and all from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media" title="Viz Media">Viz Media</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Comics" title="Eclipse Comics">Eclipse Comics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> Others soon followed, including <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_%28manga%29" title="Akira (manga)">Akira</a></i> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Comics" title="Epic Comics">Epic Comics</a> imprint and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleseed_%28manga%29" title="Appleseed (manga)">Appleseed</a></i> from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later <i>Iczer-1</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Press" title="Antarctic Press">Antarctic Press</a>, 1994) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippongi_Bang" title="Ippongi Bang">Ippongi Bang</a>'s <i>F-111 Bandit</i> (Antarctic Press, 1995).<br />
In the 1980s to the mid-1990s, Japanese animation, like <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_%28film%29" title="Akira (film)">Akira</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a></i>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion_%28TV_series%29" title="Neon Genesis Evangelion (TV series)">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_%28anime%29" title="Pokémon (anime)">Pokémon</a></i>, made a bigger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toren_Smith" title="Toren Smith">Toren Smith</a> founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Proteus" title="Studio Proteus">Studio Proteus</a> in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masamune_Shirow" title="Masamune Shirow">Masamune Shirow</a>'s <i>Appleseed</i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsuke_Fujishima" title="Kōsuke Fujishima">Kōsuke Fujishima</a>'s <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess%21_%28manga%29" title="Oh My Goddess! (manga)">Oh My Goddess!</a></i>, for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics" title="Dark Horse Comics">Dark Horse</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros_Comix" title="Eros Comix">Eros Comix</a>, eliminating the need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a>
opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz,
enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation
skills.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farago_54-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Farago-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_boy_reading_manga.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="157" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Young_boy_reading_manga.jpg/220px-Young_boy_reading_manga.jpg" width="220" /></a>Japanese publishers began pursuing a U.S. market in the mid-1990s due to a stagnation in the domestic market for manga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brienza2009_64-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Brienza2009-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_%28manga%29" title="Ghost in the Shell (manga)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (translated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_L._Schodt" title="Frederik L. Schodt">Frederik L. Schodt</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toren_Smith" title="Toren Smith">Toren Smith</a>) becoming very popular among fans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Another success of the mid-1990s was <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1995–1998, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon_%28manga%29" title="Sailor Moon (manga)"><i>Sailor Moon</i> manga</a> had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, North America and most of Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing <i>Sailor Moon</i>, along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_%28manga_artists%29" title="Clamp (manga artists)">CLAMP</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Knight_Rayearth" title="Magic Knight Rayearth">Magic Knight Rayearth</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitoshi_Iwaaki" title="Hitoshi Iwaaki">Hitoshi Iwaaki</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasyte" title="Parasyte">Parasyte</a></i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsutomu_Takahashi" title="Tsutomu Takahashi">Tsutomu Takahashi</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Blade" title="Ice Blade">Ice Blade</a></i> in the monthly manga magazine <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MixxZine" title="MixxZine">MixxZine</a></i>. Two years later, <i>MixxZine</i> was renamed to <i>Tokyopop</i> before discontinuing in 2000. Mixx Entertainment, later renamed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyopop" title="Tokyopop">Tokyopop</a>, also published manga in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_%28comics%29" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperbacks</a> and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new
publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly
expanded their catalogues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> and by 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market generated $175 million in annual sales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, mainstream U.S. media began to discuss manga, with articles in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_%28magazine%29" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Europe">Europe</span></h3>
Manga has influenced European cartooning in a way that is somewhat
different than in the U.S. Broadcast anime in Italy and France opened
the European market to manga during the 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Euromanga_72-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Euromanga-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Japonisme_73-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Japonisme-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> and has its own highly developed tradition of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">bande dessinée</a> cartooning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VollBD_74-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-VollBD-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> In France, beginning in the mid-1990s,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahousu_75-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-mahousu-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> manga has proven very popular to a wide readership, accounting for about one-third of comics sales in France since 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup>
According to the Japan External Trade Organization, sales of manga
reached $212.6 million within France and Germany alone in 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Euromanga_72-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Euromanga-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> France represents about 50% of the European market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> European publishers marketing manga translated into French include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A9nat_%28publisher%29" title="Glénat (publisher)">Glénat</a>, Asuka, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casterman" title="Casterman">Casterman</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana_%28publisher%29" title="Kana (publisher)">Kana</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika_%C3%89dition" title="Pika Édition">Pika Édition</a>, among others.<br />
European publishers also translate manga into German, Italian, Dutch,
and other languages. In 2007, about 70% of all comics sold in Germany
were manga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollancz" title="Gollancz">Gollancz</a>
and Titan Books. Manga publishers from the United States have a strong
marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoshimi" title="Tanoshimi">Tanoshimi</a> line from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>.<br />
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Localized_manga">Localized manga</span></h2>
A number of artists in the United States have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga. As an early example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Grant" title="Vernon Grant">Vernon Grant</a> drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stewart_79-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Stewart-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> Others include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Miller_%28comics%29" title="Frank Miller (comics)">Frank Miller</a>'s mid-1980s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronin_%28DC_Comics%29" title="Ronin (DC Comics)">Ronin</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Warren" title="Adam Warren">Adam Warren</a> and Toren Smith's 1988 <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Pair" title="The Dirty Pair">The Dirty Pair</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DirtyPair_80-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-DirtyPair-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Dunn" title="Ben Dunn">Ben Dunn</a>'s 1987 <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_High_School" title="Ninja High School">Ninja High School</a></i> and <i>Manga Shi 2000</i> from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_Comics" title="Crusade Comics">Crusade Comics</a> (1997).<br />
By the 21st century several U.S. manga publishers had begun to
produce work by U.S. artists under the broad marketing label of manga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tai_81-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Tai-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2002, I.C. Entertainment, formerly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Ironcat" title="Studio Ironcat">Studio Ironcat</a> and now out of business, launched a series of manga by U.S. artists called <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerimanga" title="Amerimanga">Amerimanga</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Amerimanga_82-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Amerimanga-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2004 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EigoMANGA" title="EigoMANGA">eigoMANGA</a> launched <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble_Pak_%28comics%29" title="Rumble Pak (comics)">Rumble Pak</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Pakk" title="Sakura Pakk">Sakura Pakk</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_anthology" title="Comics anthology">anthology series</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Seas_Entertainment" title="Seven Seas Entertainment">Seven Seas Entertainment</a> followed suit with <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">World Manga</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SSE1_83-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-SSE1-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, TokyoPop introduced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">original English-language manga</a> (OEL manga) later renamed <i>Global Manga</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-name_84-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-name-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> TokyoPop is currently the largest U.S. publisher of original English language manga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kiley_85-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Kiley-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Francophone artists have also developed their own versions of manga, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boilet" title="Frédéric Boilet">Frédéric Boilet</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_nouvelle_manga" title="La nouvelle manga">la nouvelle manga</a></i>. Boilet has worked in France and in Japan, sometimes collaborating with Japanese artists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boilet_86-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Boilet-86"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boilet_86-0"><span></span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boilet_86-0"><span> </span></sup><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards"> </span><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards"> </span><br />
<b><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span></b><br />
<br />
The Japanese manga industry grants a large number of awards, mostly
sponsored by publishers, with the winning prize usually including
publication of the winning stories in magazines released by the
sponsoring publisher. Examples of these awards include:<br />
<ul>
<li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akatsuka_Award" title="Akatsuka Award">Akatsuka Award</a> for humorous manga</li>
<li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengeki_Comic_Grand_Prix" title="Dengeki Comic Grand Prix">Dengeki Comic Grand Prix</a> for one-shot manga</li>
<li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha_Manga_Award" title="Kodansha Manga Award">Kodansha Manga Award</a> (multiple genre awards)</li>
<li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun Award</a> for best science fiction comic of the year</li>
<li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan_Manga_Award" title="Shogakukan Manga Award">Shogakukan Manga Award</a> (multiple genres)</li>
<li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezuka_Award" title="Tezuka Award">Tezuka Award</a> for best new serial manga</li>
<li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezuka_Osamu_Cultural_Prize" title="Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize">Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize</a> (multiple genres)</li>
</ul>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Japan%29" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> has awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Manga_Award" title="International Manga Award">International Manga Award</a> annually since May 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boilet_86-0"><span><br /></span></sup>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boilet_86-0"><span><br /></span></sup>muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-12658390055457108632012-09-24T06:06:00.002-07:002012-09-24T06:06:53.891-07:00Types<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</span></h3>
This type of manga translates as "fan-work" (literally "same-person-writing")
Doujinshi is unofficial manga that is made and produced by fans of an original series, or a self-published manga.
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Gekiga">Gekiga</span></h3>
Gekiga means "dramatic pictures". This type of manga is more experimental or literary.
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Hentai">Hentai</span></h3>
This manga is sexually hardcore manga. Hentai is Japanese for "perverted" or "perversion". (adult content)
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Josei">Josei</span></h3>
Josei is manga aimed at adult women. (adult content). It is derived from the English "Lady Comic"
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Seinen">Seinen</span></h3>
Seinen (literally "adult") is the exact same thing as Josei except for males. (adult content)
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Sh.C5.8Dujo_.EF.BC.88.E5.B0.91.E5.A5.B3.EF.BC.89">Shōujo (少女)</span></h3>
Shōujo (literally "young girl"), Not Shōjo(処女), shojo means virgin、
is manga aimed at young females up to the age 18. These series tend to
focus on romance and relationships from a young female's point of view.
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Sh.C5.8Dnen"><a href="http://manga.wikia.com/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen" title="Shōnen">Shōnen</a></span></h3>
This is almost the same as shojo except it is mostly action, sports
or romance for males up to age 18. It translates literally as "boy".
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Kodomo">Kodomo</span></h3>
This kind of manga is for little children that are just learning to read. <i>Kodomo</i> translates literally as "child".
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Sh.C5.8Dujo-ai_.2F_Yuri">Shōujo-ai / Yuri</span></h3>
This manga is based on female/female romantic relationships.
Shōuo-ai translates literally as "Girl-love", though it should be noted
that in Japan itself, this term has a different meaning, referring to
pedophilia. Yuri translates literally as "Lily". In Japan, the term GL
(Girl Love) is sometimes used.
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Sh.C5.8Dnen-ai_.2F_Yaoi">Shōnen-ai / Yaoi</span></h3>
This manga is the same as Shōjo-ai / Yuri except it's boy/boy
relationships. Shōnen-ai translates as "Boy-love" (same disclaimer as
for shōjo-ai). Yaoi is an acronym of <i><b>ya</b>ma nashi, <b>o</b>chi nashi, <b>i</b>mi nashi</i> (no climax, no punch-line, no meaning). BL (Boy Love) is sometimes used in Japan for this type e.g Matt Friend and Dan Vought.
muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-37110347677332940172012-09-24T05:45:00.005-07:002012-09-24T05:45:47.203-07:00What are Manga and Anime?
Many people might say "Manga are Japanese comics, and Anime is the
Japanese version of animation. Anime is usually, but not always, the
animated version of popular manga." That's partially true, but it can
be misleading. (Note that "anime" in Japan technically means any
animated film, and "manga" is any printed cartoon, but people in the
rest of the world take them to mean animated films or comics from
Japan.)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS7SyLNJdv7WDk-QAK08C_45J7_6GykQeXPsSyrXWkB-NYR2foNnuQ7ID0EsQGVwksgcjwQQanLMbx5dJkphfP0629CSxHHCOwa92rGE17GzKSYUgldYvhq1rqf-rY_N2ZXaeOwXOzqYI/s1600/images+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS7SyLNJdv7WDk-QAK08C_45J7_6GykQeXPsSyrXWkB-NYR2foNnuQ7ID0EsQGVwksgcjwQQanLMbx5dJkphfP0629CSxHHCOwa92rGE17GzKSYUgldYvhq1rqf-rY_N2ZXaeOwXOzqYI/s1600/images+1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
First of all, though an outsider might think Japan "stole" comics from
the West, this is not true. Japan has been making cartoonish art for
a very long time (there are humorous ink drawings of animals and
caricatured people from hundreds of years ago, bearing striking
resemblances to modern manga). True, some aspects of manga are taken
from the West (Osamu Tezuka, the "father" of modern manga, was
influenced by Disney and Max Fleisher), but its main features, such as
simple lines and stylized features, are distinctly Japanese. It may
be that Chinese art had more influence than Western.<br />
<br />
(Also, speaking of China, I should note that Anime is now a general
Asian phenomenon, not just Japanese. I understand there are many fine
works of manga and anime being produced in many places around the
world. However, as far as I understand, the roots are in Japan, and
Japan is still considered, at least here in the US, the center of
the anime world. This may well change in the future.)<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
Secondly, Japanese manga and anime come in <a href="http://www.mit.edu/%7Erei/manga-list.html">all types</a>, for all sorts of people. Unlike
the U.S., which generally seems to believe that "comics are for kids"
(though this has been changing recently), Japanese manga-ka (manga
writers) write for everyone from innocent young children to perverted
sex-starved men (there is even a category for ex-juvenile delinquent
mothers!). But even the kiddie stuff tends not to be as simple-minded
as the American versions (not including intelligent American comics,
but more thinking of TV shows). Children's manga and TV anime shows
in Japan will sometimes depict death --- while the U.S. (on children's
TV) seems determined to run away from such realities of life (note how
the U.S. version of "GoLion" ("Voltron") deleted all references to one
of the protagonist's death). And, not surprisingly, much of Japanese
manga and anime includes scenes of students in class or doing
homework, or of people working in their offices. The work ethic seems
omnipresent in the background. Manga and anime also tend to protray
technology sympathetically, while some U.S. comics seem almost to
avoid it, or revile it, or simplify it as much as possible.<br />
<br />
A third major difference is the unique Japanese manga and anime style,
which is distinctive and fairly easy to recognize. This is not to say
the style is limiting. Within this broad common stylistic ground,
each manga artist's technique is distinct and unique. The stereotype
is of characters with huge hair and large eyes, but there are many,
many variations, from L. Matsumoto's seemingly unevenly drawn
squash-shaped "ugly" protagonists, to the soft-edged figures in
Miyazaki's work. And, of course, there is less emphasis on the
"superhero" world of the U.S.. In most manga, the men and women
aren't necessarily exaggerated extremes of their gender stereotypes,
and they wear things other than skin-tight costumes. In fact, manga
and anime characters tend to have unique and aesthetic tastes in
fashion. (It's also true that many modern U.S. comics have thankfully
broken this stereotype, and serious-matter cartoonists like Alan Moore
or Art Spiegelman have always been around.)<br />
<br />
And one minor difference between Japanese manga and general superhero
comics like D.C. Comics or Marvel Comics (aside from the black and
white nature of manga), is that manga are usually the vision of a
single writer (though editors have a large say, and sometimes direct
the story). Unlike the general superhero type, where many writers
tend to do different plots and stories, manga are more like novels,
complete and detailed worlds that are the vision of a single author.
The characters remain consistent, and they are allowed to grow and
develop. On a related topic, manga also tend to be drawn for a weekly
or biweekly publication containing numerous other comics by other
authors --- and the editors expect
cliffhangers/you-really-want-to-read-the-next-issue endings each time.
So the plot HAS to develop and HAS to be interesting at a fairly rapid
clip. (There are, after all, crowds of hopeful would-be manga-ka
waiting in the wings).<br />
<br />
(One last difference is the onomatopoetic characteristic of the
Japanese language; sound effects fit in much better, and look less
stupid, than in English comics. This is just a facet of the language;
translated manga sound effects also don't work as well.)<br />
Perhaps it is the mix of harsh reality with the tantalizing world of
fantasy that makes Japanese manga and anime so appealing. Many
popular series, such as Doraemon, Ranma 1/2 and Kimagure Orange Road,
follow the lives of seemingly ordinary people --- they go to school,
do homework, get reprimanded by parents --- who have a shadow life
that makes them somehow special, whether by psionic talent or friends
who are rather different (robots from the future, or aliens from other
worlds). I suppose all this serves to allow the reader to sympathize
with the characters, and yet escape from bland, normal daily life to a
fantasy world that is far different.<br />
Even in worlds that exist in the far future, or long ago, the reader
is drawn into a 3-dimensional character, one who is far from perfect,
one who has stupid little habits or major character flaws --- and who
has hopes and dreams that the reader can sympathize with. Unlike some
American super heroes, who often seem to just go around defeating Evil
(as wonderfully spoofed in American comic "The Tick"), Japanese
characters usually have other goals in life that play large themes
within their lives. I heard recently the characterization that manga
and anime are "character oriented." The more I think about, the more I
think this is the right description. Characters aren't forced into
plots, like a foot into a too-tight shoe; instead, stories grow out of
the characters. The heart of manga and anime is in the hearts of the
characters.<br />
That brings us to three other aspects of manga and anime that I really
like: the reality of the world, the spirituality, and the fact that
things end.<br />
<br />
With comics, the merging of art and words creates a unique medium.
The art pulls in the mind, and the words make the reality. A picture
may be worth a thousand words, while words may convey what art cannot,
but the two types together are truly powerful. As for Anime,
animation can do inexpensively what special effects crews couldn't
even touch until the recent rise of computer graphics. Art is a
limited form of virtual reality. Art, however, requires plot to make
a story come to life.<br />
<br />
As I've said, even children's Japanese comics and animation deal with
things like death. They also show that one's enemies aren't Just
Evil. In series like Gundam, you can see that the enemies have hopes
and dreams of their own, and do, in fact, have reasons for what they
do. They aren't just crazy, or just plain evil. They're real.<br />
<br />
Actions have consequences. If the protagonist screws up, he or she
has to deal with those results ... and, if the person is smart, he or
she will remember not to make that mistake again! The characters grow
and change, learn new skills, get better at old skills, mature and
gain wisdom (unless, of course, it's a comical series like Doraemon :)<br />
<br />
Another trait of manga and anime that I have always liked (though
perhaps I hadn't realized it until recently) is their tendency to
contain a sense of spiritual optimism ... and not just simplistic
good-over-evil stuff. Bad people can improve and find redemption.
Unhappy heroes can find themselves, through personal crisis, and in
doing so find happiness. Life <i>does</i> have meaning and purpose,
though it must be fought for. Hard work will pay off ... but maybe
only in the long run. Difficulties occur, but they <i>can</i> be
overcome. Strength is found from helping others, even to the point of
self-sacrifice.... Not all stories have <a href="http://www.mit.edu/%7Erei/manga-philosophy.html">these spiritual or philosophical
messages</a>, but many do. And when these simple but universal themes
are woven more or less convincingly into the fabric of good plots and
characters, magic happens.<br />
<br />
And finally, like all good stories and all real stories, manga and
anime have a tendency to end. Heroes and heroines die, or get
married, or disappear. The anime series are especially good about
this. They tend to have one of three endings: the hero wins (the
throne, the person of the opposite sex, whatever), the hero dies
(usually after winning), the hero sort of wins (but at a great loss).
Of course, the anime or manga is often carefully crafted to either
jerk tears out of your eyes, or make you stare in wide-eyed absorption
to the very very last line of the credits. I can't describe it here,
but think of the ending to any truly good movie, and you probably have
it.<br />
I guess I've wandered quite a bit over this topic. I also probably
displayed a bias for semi-serious manga/anime (which I prefer), and I
also probably didn't quite describe the nature of certain genres (such
as pure business manga, or sex manga, or the purely political humor
comics). And, of course, I'm sort of glossing over the fact that
there is LOTS of trash out there. Like any field, manga and anime
have their lemons, the ones with no plot, 2-D characters, truly
tasteless jokes, and artwork from hell. However, the best manga and
anime are true gems that should not be missed --- little portals into
other worlds that will entertain, educate, and delight.muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-1432926462845944172012-09-24T04:47:00.006-07:002012-09-24T04:47:56.419-07:00what is manga?<b>Manga</b> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">漫画</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> created in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, or by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> creators in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>, conforming to a style developed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the late 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> They have a long, complex pre-history in earlier <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In Japan, people of all ages read manga. The medium includes works in
a broad range of genres: action-adventure, romance, sports and games,
historical drama, comedy, science fiction and fantasy, mystery, horror,
sexuality, and business/commerce, among others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gravett_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Gravett-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Since the 1950s, manga has steadily become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> representing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>406 billion market in Japan in 2007 (approximately <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>3.6 billion) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>420 billion (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>5.5 billion) in 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wong_2006_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Wong_2006-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> In Europe and the Middle East the market is worth $250 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>
In 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market was valued at $175 million.
The markets in France and the United States are about the same size.
Manga stories are typically printed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> although some full-color manga exist (e.g. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorful" title="Colorful">Colorful</a></i>).
In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often
containing many stories, each presented in a single episode to be
continued in the next issue. If the series is successful, collected
chapters may be republished in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_%28comics%29" title="Trade paperback (comics)">paperback books</a> called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GravettSchodt_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-GravettSchodt-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> A manga artist (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaka" title="Mangaka">mangaka</a></i>
in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio
and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing
company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kinsella_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Kinsella-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> If a manga series is popular enough, it may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">animated</a> after or even during its run,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> although sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action" title="Live-action">live-action</a> or animated films<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> (e.g. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_%28manga%29" title="Star Wars (manga)">Star Wars</a></i>).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH6Lksu-jRgx8tgHiGHr-vkM45VvqhPg0WjBoA7EkX4FGgvWw3uK37Hf2BoNWsszn-42BkRyx6r7rSkq9SrGJbR-K2H0VNA1rKfef34dHMZzTbZtVY2yurw58GWDFKjSwoU4L_n1mkC2I/s1600/Manga+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH6Lksu-jRgx8tgHiGHr-vkM45VvqhPg0WjBoA7EkX4FGgvWw3uK37Hf2BoNWsszn-42BkRyx6r7rSkq9SrGJbR-K2H0VNA1rKfef34dHMZzTbZtVY2yurw58GWDFKjSwoU4L_n1mkC2I/s320/Manga+2.jpg" width="273" /></a></div>
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The term <i>manga</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>: <span lang="ja">漫画</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>: <span lang="ja">まんが</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>: <span lang="ja">マンガ</span>; <span class="unicode"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manga.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Manga.ogg" title="Manga.ogg">listen</a><small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor: help;">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manga.ogg" title="File:Manga.ogg"><span style="cursor: help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>; <span class="nowrap"><small>English</small> <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ŋ/ 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ŋ/ 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>) is a Japanese word referring both to comics and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartooning" title="Cartooning">cartooning</a>. "Manga" as a term used outside Japan refers specifically to comics originally published in Japan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> However, manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>"), South Korea ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a>"),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> and China, notably Hong Kong ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wong_2002_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga#cite_note-Wong_2002-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> In France, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_nouvelle_manga" title="La nouvelle manga">la nouvelle manga</a>" has developed as a form of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" title="Franco-Belgian comics">bande dessinée</a></i>
comics drawn in styles influenced by Japanese manga. In the United
States, people refer to what they perceive as manga-styled comics as
Amerimanga, world manga, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_English-language_manga" title="Original English-language manga">original English-language manga</a>
(OEL manga). Still, the original term "manga" is primarily used in
English-speaking countries solely to describe comics of Japanese origin.<br />
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<br />
muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-76331206207183284042012-09-24T04:35:00.003-07:002012-09-24T04:35:55.164-07:00how to make animated<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Ada dua proses pembuatan film animasi, diantaranya adalah secara konvensional dan digital.">There are two animated filmmaking process, such as conventional and digital. </span><span title="Proses secara konvensional sangat membutuhkan dana yang cukup mahal, sedangkan proses pembuatan digital cukup ringan.">Conventional process in dire need of funds are quite expensive, while the digital process is quite mild. </span><span title="Sedangkan untuk hal perbaikan, proses digital lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan proses konvensional.">As for the case of repair, the digital process faster than the conventional process. </span><span title="Tom Cardon seorang animator yang pernah menangani animasi Hercules mengakui komputer cukup berperan.">Tom Cardon an animator who once worked with Hercules admit computer animation is quite a role. </span><span title=""Perbaikan secara konvensional untuk 1 kali revisi memakan waktu 2 hari sedangkan secara digital hanya memakan waktu berkisar antara 30-45 menit."[1] Dalam pengisian suara sebuah film dapat dilakukan sebelum atau sesudah filmnya selesai.">"Improvements
to the conventional one time revision takes 2 days while digitally
ranged takes only 30-45 minutes." [1] In a film dubbing can be done
before or after the movie was over. </span><span title="Kebanyakan dubbing dilakukan saat film masih dalam proses, tetapi terkadang seperti dalam animasi Jepang, sulih suara justru dilakukan setelah filmnya selesai dibuat.">Most
dubbing done while the movie is still in process, but sometimes like in
Japanese animation, voiceover actually done after the film was
completed.<br /></span><span title="2Dimensi"><b>2Dimensi</b><br /></span><span title="Celluloid (konvensional)"><i>Celluloid (conventional)</i><br /></span><span title="Teknik Celluloid (terkadang disebut menjadi cell) ini merupakan teknik mendasar dalam pembuatan film animasi klasik.">Celluloid technique (sometimes called a cell) is a fundamental technique in the manufacture of classic animated films. </span><span title="Setelah gambar mejadi sebuah rangkaian gerakan maka gambar tersebut akan ditransfer keatas lembaran transparan (plastik) yang tembus pandang/ sel (cell) dan diwarnai oleh Ink and Paint Departement.">Once
the image is becoming a series of movements that image is transferred
onto a transparent sheet (plastic) that invisibility / cell (cell) and
colored by the Ink and Paint Department. </span><span title="Setelah selesai film tersebut akan direkam dengan kamera khusus, yaitu multiplane camera didalam ruangan yang serba hitam.">After completion of the film will be filmed with a special camera, the multiplane camera in the room were all black.<br /></span><span title="Objek utama yang mengeksploitir gerak dibuat terpisah dengan latar belakang dan depan yang statis.">The main object is made separately by exploiting motion background and a static front. </span><span title="Dengan demikian, latar belakang (background) dan latar depan (foreground) dibuat hanya sekali saja.">Thus, the background (background) and foreground (foreground) is made only once. </span><span title="Cara ini dapat menyiasati pembuatan gambar yang terlalu banyak.">This method can deal with that too much drawing.<br /></span><span title="Pra-produksi:"><i>Pre-production:</i><br /></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pra-produksi:"> </span><span title="Konsep,">The concept,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Konsep,"> </span><span title="Skenario,">Scenario,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Skenario,"> </span><span title="Pembentukan karakter,">Formation of character,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pembentukan karakter,"> </span><span title="Storyboard,">Storyboard,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Storyboard,"> </span><span title="Dubbing awal,">Dubbing the beginning,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Dubbing awal,"> </span><span title="Musik dan sound FX">Music and sound FX</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Musik dan sound FX"></span><span title="Pasca-produksi:"><i>Post-production:</i></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pasca-produksi:"> </span><span title="Lay out (Tata letak),">Lay out (layout),</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Lay out (Tata letak),"> </span><span title="Key motion (Gerakan kunci/ inti),">Key motion (movement key / core),</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Key motion (Gerakan kunci/ inti),"> </span><span title="In Between (Gambar yang menghubungkan antara gambar inti ke gambar inti yang lain)">In Between (Figure that connects the core image to image other nuclei)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="In Between (Gambar yang menghubungkan antara gambar inti ke gambar inti yang lain)"> </span><span title="Clean Up (Membersihkan gambar dengan menjiplak)">Clean Up (Clean image by tracing)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Clean Up (Membersihkan gambar dengan menjiplak)"> </span><span title="Background (Gambar latar belakang),">Background (background image),</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Background (Gambar latar belakang),"> </span><span title="Celluloid (Ditransfer keatas plastik transparan)">Celluloid (Transferred onto transparent plastic)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Celluloid (Ditransfer keatas plastik transparan)"> </span><span title="Coloring (Mewarnai dengan tinta dan cat).">Coloring (coloring with ink and paint).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Coloring (Mewarnai dengan tinta dan cat)."><br /></span><span title="Post-produksi:"><i>Post-production:</i></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Post-produksi:"> </span><span title="Composite,">Composite,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Composite,"> </span><span title="Camera Shooting (Gambar akan diambil dengan kamera, dengan mengambil frame demi frame),">Camera Shooting (Pictures will be taken with the camera, taking frame-by-frame),</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Camera Shooting (Gambar akan diambil dengan kamera, dengan mengambil frame demi frame),"> </span><span title="Editing,">Editing,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Editing,"> </span><span title="Rendering,">Rendering,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Rendering,"> </span><span title="Pemindahan film kedalam roll film.">The transfer of the film into the film roll.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pemindahan film kedalam roll film."><br /></span><span title="Komputer"><b>Computer</b><br /></span><span title="Setelah perkembangan teknologi komputer di era 80-an, proses pembuatan animasi 2 dimensi menjadi lebih mudah.">After the development of computer technology in the 80's, the two-dimensional animation process easier. </span><span title="Yang sangat nyata dirasakan adalah kemudahan dalam proses pembuatan animasi.">Is a very real perceived ease the animation process. </span><span title="Untuk penggarapan animasi sederhana, mulai dari perancangan model hingga pengisian suara/dubbing dapat dilakukan dengan mempergunakan satu personal komputer.">For
the cultivation of simple animations, ranging from the design models to
filling sound / dubbing can be done by using a personal computer. </span><span title="Setiap kesalahan dapat dikoreksi dengan cepat dan dapat dengan cepat pula diadakan perubahan.">Any errors can be corrected quickly and can quickly change also held. </span><span title="Sementara dengan teknik konvensional, setiap detail kesalahan terkadang harus diulang kembali dari awal.">While the conventional technique, every detail is sometimes a mistake to be repeated again from the beginning. </span><span title="Proses pembuatan animasi 2Dimensi digital terdiri dari:">2Dimensi digital animation creation process consists of:<br /></span><span title="Pra-produksi:"><i>Pre-production:</i></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pra-produksi:"> </span><span title="Konsep,">The concept,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Konsep,"> </span><span title="Skenario,">Scenario,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Skenario,"> </span><span title="Pembentukan karakter,">Formation of character,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pembentukan karakter,"> </span><span title="Storyboard,">Storyboard,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Storyboard,"> </span><span title="Dubbing awal,">Dubbing the beginning,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Dubbing awal,"> </span><span title="Musik dan sound FX">Music and sound FX</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Musik dan sound FX"><br /></span><span title="Pasca-produksi:"><i>Post-production:</i></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pasca-produksi:"> </span><span title="Lay out (Tata letak),">Lay out (layout),</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Lay out (Tata letak),"> </span><span title="Key motion (Gerakan kunci/ inti),">Key motion (movement key / core),</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Key motion (Gerakan kunci/ inti),"> </span><span title="In Between (Gambar yang menghubungkan antara gambar inti ke gambar inti yang lain)">In Between (Figure that connects the core image to image other nuclei)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="In Between (Gambar yang menghubungkan antara gambar inti ke gambar inti yang lain)"> </span><span title="Background (Gambar latar belakang),">Background (background image),</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Background (Gambar latar belakang),"> </span><span title="Scanning">Scanning</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Scanning"> </span><span title="Coloring.">Coloring.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Coloring."><br /></span><span title="Post-produksi:"><i>Post-production:</i></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Post-produksi:"> </span><span title="Composite,">Composite,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Composite,"> </span><span title="Editing,">Editing,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Editing,"> </span><span title="Rendering,">Rendering,</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Rendering,"> </span><span title="Pemindahan film kedalam berbagai media berupa VCD, DVD, VHS dan lainnya.">The transfer movies into a variety of media such as VCD, DVD, VHS and more.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pemindahan film kedalam berbagai media berupa VCD, DVD, VHS dan lainnya."><br /></span><span title="3Dimensi"><b>3Dimensi</b></span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="3Dimensi"><b> </b></span><span title="Film animasi secara digital sekarang mulai banyak dilirik oleh berbagai kalangan karena sebagai salah satu solusi untuk menekan biaya produksi.">Digitally animated film now beginning ogled by many because as one solution to reduce production costs.</span></span>muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-61737296420034993062012-09-24T04:27:00.004-07:002012-09-24T04:27:45.733-07:00paradise of animation and manga in Japan<b>Ikebukuro</b> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">池袋</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span> is a commercial and entertainment district in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshima,_Tokyo" title="Toshima, Tokyo">Toshima, Tokyo</a>, Japan. Toshima ward offices, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikebukuro_station" title="Ikebukuro station">Ikebukuro station</a>, and several shops, restaurants, and enormous department stores are located within city limits.
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At the center of Ikebukuro is the train and subway station, a huge urban gathering shared by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a> lines, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seibu_Ikebukuro_Line" title="Seibu Ikebukuro Line">Seibu Ikebukuro Line</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dbu_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Line" title="Tōbu Tōjō Line">Tōbu Tōjō Line</a>. It is one of the main commuter hubs in the western Yamanote area of Tokyo. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikebukuro_Station" title="Ikebukuro Station">Ikebukuro Station</a> is the second busiest station in Japan, second only to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Station" title="Shinjuku Station">Shinjuku Station</a>.<br />
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Around the station are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seibu_Department_Stores" title="Seibu Department Stores">Seibu</a> and Tōbu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seibu_Railway" title="Seibu Railway">Seibu</a>, written with the characters for "West" and "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musashi_Province" title="Musashi Province">Musashi (province)</a>" 西武, is on the east end of the station and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobu" title="Tobu">Tōbu</a>, written with the characters for "East" and "Musashi" 東武, is on the west end. East of the station, on the site of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugamo_Prison" title="Sugamo Prison">Sugamo Prison</a>, stands <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_60" title="Sunshine 60">Sunshine 60</a>, which was Tokyo's tallest building at the time of its construction. Adjacent to Sunshine City, on <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji-Dori&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Meiji-Dori (page does not exist)">Meiji-Dori</a> is the Toyota Amlux Building which houses the Toyota showroom. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otome_Road" title="Otome Road">Otome Road</a>, a leading shopping area for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">otaku</a> products aimed at women, is located nearby. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marui" title="Marui">Marui</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quijote_%28store%29" title="Don Quijote (store)">Don Quijote</a> also have department stores in the area. The principal electronics retailer in Ikebukuro is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic_Camera" title="Bic Camera">Bic Camera</a>. There is a small pleasure district located in <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nishi-Ikebukuro&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nishi-Ikebukuro (page does not exist)">Nishi-Ikebukuro</a>, similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku,_Tokyo" title="Shinjuku, Tokyo">Shinjuku</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabukich%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Kabukichō, Tokyo">Kabukichō</a>.<br />
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The old village of Ikebukuro stood to the northwest of the station.
Most of the area on which modern Ikebukuro is built was historically
known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugamo" title="Sugamo">Sugamo</a>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" title="Taishō period">Taishō</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_period" title="Showa period">Shōwa</a>
periods, the relatively low land prices attracted artists and foreign
workers, who lent a somewhat cosmopolitan atmosphere to Ikebukuro. Until
October 1, 1932 when Toshima ward was established, the area was an
independent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">municipality</a> of Ikebukuro-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Japan" title="Villages of Japan">mura</a> (池袋村).<br />
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> for Ikebukuro literally means <i>pond bag</i>.
Outside the west exit of Ikebukuro station near an entrance to the
Fukutoshin Line is a small plaque explaining three origins of the name
Ikebukuro. The first is that in the northeastern part of the village
there was a lake shaped like someone holding a bag. The second is that
there was once a large number of lakes in the area of various sizes
(thus implying a bag full of lakes). The third is that long ago a turtle
came out of the lake carrying a bag on its back.<br />
There is a small statue of an owl located near the center of the city called Ikefukurō-zō (いけふくろう像), meaning <i>lake owl statue</i>.
It is a play on words from the alternative meaning of "fukuro" as "owl"
(although owl is pronounced with a long final "oh", rather than a short
"o" in the word "fukuro" for bag). The owl statue has become a famous
meeting place along the lines of the statue of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachik%C5%8D" title="Hachikō">Hachikō</a> located outside of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya_Station" title="Shibuya Station">Shibuya Station</a>.<br />
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muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-68558324949468719502012-09-24T03:57:00.001-07:002012-09-24T17:20:04.366-07:00beautiful places in JAPAN<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><b><span title="1.">1. </span></b><span title="Akihabara"><b>Akihabara</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Akihabara"><b> </b></span><span title="Akihabara merupakan salah satu kota di jepang yang memiliki toko-toko elektronik terbanyak dan terbesar.">Akihabara is one of the cities in Japan that has most electronics stores and the largest. </span><span title="Akihabara pun sangat terkenal di Jepang bahkan seluruh dunia telah mengenal Akihabara sebagai kota elektronik terbesar dan terlengkap….">Akihabara
is also very popular in Japan and even the whole world has known
Akihabara as the largest and most comprehensive electronic city ....</span><span title="Akihabara sebenarnya terletak di tengah metropolitan Tokyo, tepatnya di Distrik Chiyoda (bagi yang pengen kesana bilang aja ke alamat situ).">Akihabara
is actually located in the center of metropolitan Tokyo, Chiyoda
precisely in the District (for those who want to get there says it wrote
to the address). </span><span title="Orang Jepang biasa menyebut kota tersebut dengan singkatan “Akiba”.">The Japanese used to call the city by the acronym "Akiba". </span><span title="Kalau pengen nyari barang-barang elektronik terbaru dan terbesar bisa nyari aja di Yodobashi-Akiba, Laox dan Softmap.">If you want nyari electronic items can be looked for the latest and greatest in Yodobashi-Akiba wrote, Laox and Softmap. </span><span title="Di sana juga terdapat banyak penggemar anime yang berseliweran di jalan ( mereka sering disebut otaku ) yang memakai dandanan persis seperti idolanya dalam anime.">There
were also a lot of anime fans are milling about on the road (they are
often called otaku) who wear makeup just like his idol in the anime. </span><span title="Di sana banyak aksesoris dan kostum anime maka tak salah kota tersebut juga sering disebut kotanya anime.">There are many accessories and anime costumes so no one city is also often called the city anime.</span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Di sana banyak aksesoris dan kostum anime maka tak salah kota tersebut juga sering disebut kotanya anime."><br /></span><b><span title="2.">2. </span></b><span title="Ikebukuro"><b>Ikebukuro</b></span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Ikebukuro"><b> </b></span><span title="Lha ini dia kota yang sama seperti Akihibara, kota surganya para penggemar anime dan manga.">Lha is he the same town as Akihibara, paradise city anime and manga fans. </span><span title="Banyak sekali toko-toko di sana menjual banyak pernak-pernik yang berbau anime dan manga (kartun-kartun jepang gitu…).">Lots of shops there selling lots of knick-knacks that smelled of anime and manga (Japanese cartoons so ...). </span><span title="Di Ikebukuro ini terdapat toko anime terbesar mungkin di seluruh Jepang yakni Animate.">In Tokyo, there are probably the largest anime store throughout Japan that Animate. </span><span title="Walaupun Animate memiliki banyak cabang di Jepang tapi Animate di Ikebukuro inilah pusatnya dan yang paling besar.">Although Animate has many branches in Japan but Animate in Ikebukuro is the center and the greatest. </span><span title="Di Animate dijual mulai dari komik, artbook, DVD, VCD, CD, figurine sampai merchandise unik dapat kalian temukan disini.">In Animate sold from the comic, artbook, DVD, VCD, CD, figurine to unique merchandise you can find here.</span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Di Animate dijual mulai dari komik, artbook, DVD, VCD, CD, figurine sampai merchandise unik dapat kalian temukan disini."><br /></span><b><span title="3.">3. </span></b><span title="Shibuya"><b>Shibuya</b></span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Shibuya"><b> </b></span><span title="Shibuya merupakan salah satu kawasan yang terletak di kota Tokyo yang banyak didatangi dan dikunjungi masyarakat Jepang bahkan kota ini juga banyak dikunjungi oleh warga asing yang sedang pergi ke Jepang.">Shibuya
is one of the area located in the city of Tokyo and visited many
communities visited Japan and even the city is also visited by many
foreigners who are going to Japan. </span><span title="Shibuya dikenal sebagai kotanya anak muda, karena kota ini sangat digemari dan digandrungi oleh anak-anak muda, karena kota ini dipenuhi dengan bermacam-macam departemen store dan pertokoan, berbagai macam hiburan ada di kota ini, banyak tempat makan yang serba ada dari yang murah">Shibuya
is known as a city of young people, because the city is very popular
and loved by young people, as the city is filled with an assortment of
shops and department stores, a wide variety of entertainment in the
city, a lot of eating places from cheap store </span><span title="sampai yang mahal.">to expensive. </span><span title="Kota Shibuya pun menjadi pusat keluarnya model-model busana dan keluarnya trend-trend baru, maka tidak salah anak-anak muda suka jalan-jalan di kota ini.">Shibuya
City was the center of fashion models discharge and release of new
trends, it is not wrong young kids like the streets of this city. </span><span title="Dan jika kalian kesana jangan heran saat melihat banyaknya orang-orang yang menunggu dan menyebrang di lampu merah ( banyaknya minta ampun sampai terheran-heran saya lho(belum pernah kesana sih….^, ^!).">And
if you get there do not be surprised to see how many people are waiting
and crossing at a red light (many for mercy to surprise me know (have
not been there anyway .... ^, ^!).</span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Dan jika kalian kesana jangan heran saat melihat banyaknya orang-orang yang menunggu dan menyebrang di lampu merah ( banyaknya minta ampun sampai terheran-heran saya lho(belum pernah kesana sih….^, ^!)."><br /></span><b><span title="4.">4. </span></b><span title="Nakano Broadway"><b>Nakano Broadway</b></span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Nakano Broadway"><b> </b></span><span title="Nakano Broadway berada tepatnya di pusat kota Nakano.">Nakano Broadway is located precisely in the center of Nakano. </span><span title="Nakano Broadway merupakan gedung besar yang terdiri dari beberapa lantai.">Nakano Broadway is a large building that consists of several floors. </span><span title="Di dalamnya terdapat toko-toko yang menjual berbagai barang hobi, mulai dari manga, anime, figurine, idol merchandise, military, hingga maid cafe.">In
it there are shops that sell a variety of goods hobby, ranging from
manga, anime, figurine, idol merchandise, military, until the maid cafe.
</span><span title="Nakano Broadway sendiri sering dikenal sebagai 'gedung otaku' karena merupakan pusat toko Mandarake di wilayah Tokyo.">Nakano Broadway itself is often known as the 'building otaku' because it is the center of Mandarake stores in the Tokyo area. </span><span title="Mandarake adalah toko yang menjual berbagai macam barang otaku, dari mulai doujinshi, baju cosplay, manga bekas, balljointed doll, hingga mainan yang langka.">Mandarake
is a store that sells a variety of goods otaku, from doujinshi, cosplay
clothing, secondhand manga, balljointed doll, until a rare toy. </span><span title="Selain Mandarake, ada pula toko-toko kecil yang menjual game, figurine, dll.">Mandarake addition, there are small shops that sell games, figurine, etc.. </span><span title="Walaupun disebut gedung otaku, tidak seluruh toko yang ada di sini berhubungan dengan otaku.">Although the building is called otaku, not all stores that are here dealing with otaku. </span><span title="Di sini kamu juga bisa mencari baju, perhiasan, sepatu, hingga ke tempat kursus nail art!">Here you can also find clothes, jewelry, shoes, up to the course nail art! </span><span title="Bahkan kalau kamu merasa lapar setelah seharian ngider, silakan singgah di lantai BF dari Nakano Broadway.">Even if you feel hungry after a day ngider, please stop at the second floor of Nakano Broadway BF. </span><span title="Di sini terdapat supermarket yang menjual barang dengan harga lebih murah ketimbang toko 24 jam atau convinience store (orang Jepang menyebutnya 'konbini').">Here
there are supermarkets that sell goods at lower prices than the 24-hour
store or convenience store (the Japanese call 'konbini'). </span><span title="Juga ada toko cemilan dan es krim yang sangat memikat hati.">There is also a snack shop and ice cream are very enticing. </span><span title="Nah, silakan mampir.">Now, please stop by.</span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Nah, silakan mampir."><br /></span><b><span title="5.">5. </span></b><span title="Aokigahara Suicide Forest"><b>Aokigahara Suicide Forest</b></span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Aokigahara Suicide Forest"><b> </b></span><span title="Disebut "tempat yang sempurna untuk mati," Aokigahara hutan memiliki perbedaan malang sebagai kedua di dunia tempat paling populer untuk mengambil kehidupan seseorang.">Called
"the perfect place to die," the Aokigahara forest has the unfortunate
distinction as the world's second most popular place to take someone's
life. </span><span title="(Yang pertama adalah Jembatan Golden Gate.) Sejak tahun 1950-an, pengusaha Jepang telah mengembara dalam, dan sedikitnya 500 dari mereka tidak berjalan keluar, pada tingkat yang menaik antara 10 dan 30 kasus bunuh diri per tahun.">(The
first is the Golden Gate Bridge.) Since the 1950s, Japanese businessmen
have wandered in, and at least 500 of them walked out, on an ascending
level of between 10 and 30 suicides per year. </span><span title="Baru-baru ini telah meningkatkan angka-angka ini bahkan lebih, dengan rekor 78 mayat pada tahun 2002.">Recently been increasing these numbers even more, with a record of 78 bodies in 2002.</span><span title="Spiritualists Jepang percaya bahwa bunuh diri yang dilakukan di hutan telah meresap Aokigahara's pepohonan, menghasilkan aktivitas Paranormal dan mencegah banyak yang masuk dari melarikan diri kedalaman hutan.">Japanese
spiritualists believe that the suicides committed in the forest have
permeated Aokigahara's trees, generating paranormal activity and
preventing many coming from the depths of the forest fled. </span><span title="Memperumit masalah lebih lanjut adalah pengalaman umum kompas yang dianggap berguna oleh endapan kaya besi magnetik di daerah itu tanah vulkanik.">Complicating
matters further is the common experience of compasses that are
considered useful by magnetic iron-rich sediments in the area of
volcanic soil.</span><span title="Karena luasnya hutan, putus asa pengunjung tidak akan menjumpai orang begitu berada di dalam apa yang disebut "Laut Pohon," jadi polisi telah meninggalkan tanda-tanda baca "Hidup Anda adalah karunia berharga dari orang tua Anda," dan "Silakan berkonsultasi polisi sebelum Anda">Because
of the extent of the forest, desperate visitors will not encounter once
inside the so-called "Sea of Trees," so the police have left signs
reading "Your life is a precious gift from your parents," and "Please
consult the police before you </span><span title="memutuskan untuk mati! " dipasang di pohon-pohon di seluruh.">decide to die! "mounted on the trees throughout.</span><span title="Saluran-saluran berita kontemporer mencatat lonjakan baru-baru ini di bunuh diri di hutan, menyalahkan lebih pada kemerosotan ekonomi Jepang daripada di akhir romantis novel Matsumoto Seicho Kuroi Jukai, yang direvitalisasi yang disebut Hutan Suicide popularitas di antara mereka yang bertekad untuk mengambil jalan terakhir mereka">Contemporary
news outlets noted the recent spike in suicides in the forest, blamed
more on Japan's economic downturn than at the end of a romantic novel
Seicho Matsumoto Kuroi Jukai, which revitalized called Suicide Forest's
popularity among those who are determined to take their last road </span><span title=".">. </span><span title="(Novel berpuncak pada Aokigahara sebagai karakter terdorong untuk bersama-bunuh diri.)">(The novel culminates in Aokigahara as the characters are driven to joint-suicide.)</span><span title="Warga setempat mengatakan, mereka dapat dengan mudah mengenali tiga jenis pengunjung ke hutan: trekker tertarik pada pemandangan pemandangan Gunung Fuji, yang penasaran berharap untuk melihat sekilas mengerikan, dan jiwa-jiwa yang tidak berencana untuk kembali.">Locals
said they could easily identify the three types of visitors to the
forest: trekkers interested in scenic views of Mount Fuji, the curious
hoping to catch a glimpse terrible, and souls who do not plan to return.</span><span title="Apa mereka yang ingin mengambil nyawa mereka mungkin tidak dipertimbangkan adalah dampak yang bunuh diri terhadap penduduk lokal dan para pekerja hutan.">What
those who want to take their lives may not have considered is the
impact of suicide on the local population and forest workers. </span><span title="Dalam kata-kata seorang laki-laki lokal, "It bugs the hell out of me bahwa kawasan yang terkenal karena menjadi tempat bunuh diri."">In the words of one local man, "It bugs the hell out of me that's famous for being the place to commit suicide." </span><span title="Dan seorang perwira polisi setempat berkata, "Aku sudah melihat banyak mayat yang telah benar-benar telah membusuk, atau dipetik pada hewan liar ... Tak ada yang indah tentang kematian di sana."">And
a local police officer said, "I have seen many dead bodies have really
been rotting, or plucked on wild animals ... There's nothing beautiful
about death there."</span><span title="Pekerja hutan itu bahkan lebih buruk maka polisi.">Forest workers was even worse then the police. </span><span title="Para pekerja harus membawa mayat turun dari hutan ke stasiun lokal, di mana mayat-mayat diletakkan di ruangan khusus yang digunakan secara khusus untuk rumah bunuh diri mayat.">The
workers must carry the bodies down from the forest to the local
station, where bodies are placed in a special room used specifically to
house suicide corpses. </span><span title="Pekerja hutan kemudian bermain Januari-ken-pon - yang inggris-speaker panggilan batu, kertas, gunting - untuk melihat siapa yang telah tidur di dalam ruangan dengan mayat.">Forest
workers then play January-ken-pon - the English-speakers call rock,
paper, scissors - to see who has to sleep in the room with the corpse.</span><span title="Hal ini diyakini akan sangat sial jika mayat ditinggal sendirian, untuk "yurei" (hantu) dari bunuh diri akan menjerit sepanjang malam, dan tubuh akan bergerak sendiri sendiri.">It
is believed to be very bad luck if the corpse is left alone, to "yurei"
(ghost) of the suicide will scream through the night, and the body will
move itself alone.</span></span>muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-54632197631101868732012-09-24T03:52:00.003-07:002012-09-24T03:52:32.238-07:00the steps to create basic animations<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="langkah-langkah berikut ini :">the following steps:<br /></span><span title="1.">1. </span><span title="Buat file baru dengan ukuran 90 x 90 atau terserah selera Anda.">Create a new file with a size of 90 x 90 or up to your taste. </span><span title="Caranya pilih menu File > New atau tekan Ctrl + N.">How select File> New or press Ctrl + N.<br /></span><span title="2.">2. </span><span title="Buat lingkaran menggunakan Elliptical Marquee Tool atau tekan M.">Create a circle using the Elliptical Marquee Tool or press M. </span><span title="Jangan lupa menekan tombol Shift + Alt untuk membuat lingkaran.">Do not forget to press the Shift + Alt to make a circle.</span><span title="Membuat Animasi GIF">Creating Animated GIF<br /></span><span title="3.">3. </span><span title="Isi lingkaran tersebut dengan warna merah.">Fill in the circle in red. </span><span title="Caranya : Tekan tombol Alt+Del untuk memasukkan warna yang sudah Anda pilih di Foreground Color.">How: Press Alt + Del to enter the color you have selected on the Foreground Color.<br /></span><span title="4.">4. </span><span title="Duplikasi layer pertama ini dan buat 2 layer sejenis dengan warna kuning dan hijau sehingga nantinya kita akan memiliki 3 layer yang berisi lingkaran dengan warna merah,">Duplication
of this first layer and create a layer 2 is similar to the color yellow
and green so that later we will have a third layer containing a circle
with red,</span><span title="uning dan hijau.">Uning and green.<br /></span><span title="5.">5. </span><span title="Buat agar ketiga layer terebut tidak terlihat/invisible.">Make the third layer terebut not visible / invisible. </span><span title="Caranya : Klik ikon mata yang ada di sebelah kiri layer.">How: Click the eye icon on the left side of the layer.<br /></span><span title="6.">6. </span><span title="Setelah ini kita akan berlanjut menggunakan ImageReady.">After this we will continue to use ImageReady. </span><span title="Pada toolbox bagian paling bawah, pilih Edit in ImageReady atau tekan Shift + Ctrl + M.">At the bottom of the toolbox, select the Edit in ImageReady or press Shift + Ctrl + M.</span><span title="Membuat Animasi GIF">Creating Animated GIF<br /></span><span title="7.">7. </span><span title="Setelah membuka ImageReady pastikan Anda sudah menampilkan Window Animation.">After opening ImageReady make sure you are showing Window Animation. </span><span title="Jika belum pilih menu Window > Animation atau tekan F7.">If you do not select the menu Window> Animation or press F7. </span><span title="Pastikan juga Window Layers telah muncul dan bila belum pilih menu Window > Layers atau tekan F11.">Also make sure the Layers window has appeared, and if not select menu Window> Layers or press F11.<br /></span><span title="8.">8. </span><span title="Sekarang kita akan membuat animasi dari ketiga layer yang telah kita buat di Photoshop sebelumnya.">Now we will create an animation of the three layers that we have created in Photoshop before. </span><span title="Cara membuatnya tidak jauh beda dengan animasi pada umumnya namun disini kita akan membuat sebuah animasi sederhana.">It is very different from the animation in general, but here we will create a simple animation. </span><span title="Perlu diketahui, inti dari apa yang akan kita lakukan adalah permainan layer.">Keep in mind, the core of what we do is a game layer.</span><span title="Sekarang lihat pada Window Animation, disana ada sebuah layer, pada layer pertama inilah kita akan memulai membuat animasi.">Now look at the Animation Window, there is a layer, the first layer that we'll start creating animations. </span><span title="Tampilkan layer lingkaran berwarna merah pada Window Layers, caranya tinggal klik untuk menampilkan ikon mata.">Show layer red circle in the Layers window, how can click to display the eye icon.</span><span title="Membuat Animasi GIF">Creating Animated GIF</span><span title="Maka tampilan frame pertama dalam Window Animation adalah seperti gambar berikut :Membuat Animasi GIF">Then display the first frame in the Animation Window is as shown below: Creating Animated GIF<br /></span><span title="9.">9. </span><span title="Sekarang kita akan menambahkan frame pada Window Animation, caranya klik icon Duplicates current frame dan sebuah duplikasi dari frame pertama telah terbuat.">Now
we will add a frame on the Window Animation, I click the icon
Duplicates current frame and a duplication of the first frame has been
made. </span><span title="Selanjutnya pada Window Layers, tampilkan layer lingkaran berwarna kuning dan nonaktifkan layer berwarna merah.">Later in the Layers window, show a yellow circle layer and turn off the red layer.<br /></span><span title="10.">10. </span><span title="Langkah terakhir, buat lagi frame baru pada Window Animation, pada Window Layers aktifkan layer lingkaran berwarna hijau dan nonaktifkan layer lingkaran berwarna kuning.">The
final step, create another new frame Window Animation, layer on the
Layers Window turn green circle and yellow circle layer off.<br /></span><span title="11.">11. </span><span title="Atur timing dari masing-masing frame di Window Animation dengan meng-klik tulisan waktu yang ada di bagian bawah frame.">Adjust the timing of each frame in the Animation Window by clicking on writing time at the bottom of the frame.<br /></span><span title="12.">12. </span><span title="Coba Anda jalankan animasi sederhana yang telah Anda buat dengan cara klik ikon Plays/stops animation.">Let you run a simple animation that you have created by clicking the icon Plays / stops animation.<br /></span><span title="13.">13. </span><span title="Setelah semuanya selesai jangan lupa untuk menyimpan hasil kerja Anda.">Once all that is done do not forget to save your work.<br /></span><span title="Ingat!">Remember!</span><span title="Untuk menyimpan file PSD dari latihan Anda kali ini, jalankan cara seperti biasa, File > Save.">To save the PSD file of your practice time, run the way as usual, File> Save.</span><span title="Untuk menyimpan hasil kerja Anda menjadi animasi GIF, jalankan File > Save Optimized As…">To save your work into animated GIFs, run File> Save Optimized As ...<br /></span><span title="Setelah ini Anda bisa mencoba membuat animasi dengan melakukan perpindahan gerak, perubahan warna, perubahan ukuran, dan sebagainya.">After this you can try to make an animation with motion in moving, change color, change size, and so on.</span></span>muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-55136790755430302782012-09-24T03:47:00.002-07:002012-09-24T03:47:45.806-07:00Preparation basic needs (part II)<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span title="2.">2. </span></b></span><span title="SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>HUMAN RESOURCES</b></span><br /></span><span title="Untuk memenuhi tenaga produksi film kartun, dibutuhkan minimal beberapa sumber daya manusia, yaitu:">To meet the energy production cartoons, it takes a minimum of several human resources, namely:<br /></span><i><b><span title="a.">a. </span></b></i><span title="Producer"><i><b>Producer</b></i><br /></span><span title="Seorang produser berlaku sebagai manager yang mengontrol keseluruhan proyek film dan mengelola budget.">A producer who serves as manager to control and manage the overall project budget films.<br /></span><i><b><span title="b.">b. </span></b></i><span title="Sutradara"><i><b>Film director</b></i><br /></span><span title="Seorang sutradara bertanggung jawab terhadap keseluruhan aspek kreatif pada film, mengontrol keseluruhan isi dan alur plot film, membuat pengarahan pada talent (drawing artist, background artist, pengisi suara, editor dan special effect), mengatur sinematografi film.">A
director is responsible for the overall creative aspect of the movie,
control the content and flow of the entire plot of the movie, making the
direction of the talent (drawing artist, background artist, voice
actor, editor and special effects), set the cinematography films. </span><span title="Seorang sutradara menjadi subordinat/wakil dari produser, bahkan pada hal-hal tertentu sutradara kadang merangkap menjadi produser.">A subordinate directors / representatives of producers, even at certain things sometimes concurrently as director producer.<br /></span><i><b><span title="c.">c. </span></b></i><span title="Scriptwriter/Screenwriter"><i><b>Scriptwriters / Screenwriter</b></i><br /></span><span title="Scriptwriter bertugas membuat naskah cerita film (screenplay) yang digunakan oleh sutradara untuk membuat visualisasi cerita.">Scriptwriters in charge of making the script of the film (screenplay) used by the director to create a visual story. </span><span title="Scriptwriter merencanakan dialog dan menggambarkan suasana.">Scriptwriters are planning dialogue and describe the atmosphere. </span><span title="Pedoman yang biasa digunakan yaitu 1 lembar kertas naskah untuk durasi 1 menit dalam pembuatan film.">Guidelines commonly used is 1 sheet of manuscript paper for a duration of 1 minute in the film. </span><span title="Namun demikian sutradara akan sangat berkuasa untuk menentukan perubahannya.">However, the director will be very powerful for determining the changes.<br /></span><i><b><span title="d.">d. </span></b></i><span title="Storyboard Artist"><i><b>Storyboard Artist</b></i><br /></span><span title="Storyboard artist bertugas membuat storyboard dari hasil screenplay yang digunakan sebagai panduan visual dari cerita.">Storyboard artist in charge of making a storyboard from the screenplay are used as a visual guide of the story. </span><span title="Antara script dan storyboard saling mendukung, script sebagai kata-kata dan storyboard sebagai visualnya.">Between the script and storyboard support each other, as the words of the script and storyboard as a visual.<br /></span><i><b><span title="e.">e. </span></b></i><span title="Drawing Artist"><i><b>Drawing Artist</b></i><br /></span><span title="Drawing artist bertanggung jawab terhadap pembuatan gambar-gambar setiap frame dari keseluruhan film yang dibuat.">Drawing artist responsible for the making of these images every frame of the film is made. </span><span title="Drawing artist secara garis besar dibagi menjadi dua bagian.">Artist Drawing broadly divided into two parts. </span><span title="Yang pertama disebut Key Animator, yang bertugas membuat gambar-gambar kunci (utama) dari sebuah gerakan/animasi.">The first is called <b>Key Animator</b>, which is in charge of making key drawings (primary) of a movement / animation. </span><span title="Dalam 1 gerakan dengan format 25 frame per second, key yang dibuat 5 sampai 7 gambar.">In the first movement with a format of 25 frames per second, which is key 5 to 7 images. </span><span title="Keahlian yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang key animator selain pandai menggambar harus mempunyai daya imajinasi yang tinggi untuk membayangkan gerakan dalam tiap-tiap adegan.">Skills
needed by a key animator in addition to good at drawing should have a
high imagination to imagine the movement in each scene.</span><span title="Untuk meneruskan animasi yang telah dibuat oleh key drawing dikerjakan oleh In Beetweener.">To continue the animation that was created by the key drawings done by <b>In Beetweener</b>. </span><span title="Seorang in beetweener dibutuhkan kecepatan dalam menggambar.">An in beetweener needed speed in the drawing.<br /></span><i><b><span title="f.">f. </span></b></i><span title="Coloring"><i><b>Coloring</b></i><br /></span><span title="Coloring mempunyai tugas mewarnai gambar-gambar hasil scan dan menempatkannya dalam frame-frame, yang kemudian siap untuk diedit oleh editor.">Coloring has the task of coloring the images scanned and placed in frames, which are then ready to be edited by the editor.<br /></span><i><b><span title="g.">g. </span></b></i><span title="Background Artist"><i><b>Background Artist</b></i><br /></span><span title="Background artist bertugas sebagai pembuat background.">Background artist served as background maker. </span><span title="Seorang background artist harus menguasai pandang ruang tiga dimensi untuk dapat berimajinasi membuat background yang mendukung nuansa sekitar untuk karakter di dalamnya.">A
background artist must master perspective three-dimensional space to
create a background that supports the imagination feel around for the
characters in it.<br /></span><i><b><span title="h.">h. </span></b></i><span title="Checker & Scannerman"><i><b>Checker & Scannerman</b></i><br /></span><span title="Checker bertugas sebagai line test yaitu mengecek garis-garis gambar yang belum stabil atau inconsistent dan memastikan tidak ada frame yang kurang dari sebuah animasi kartun.">Checker
served as a line test that checks the lines of the image is not yet
stable or inconsistent frame and make sure there are no less than an
animated cartoon.</span><span title="Biasanya line test/ checker berfungsi juga sebagai scannerman yang bertugas men-scan gambar untuk diolah secara digital.">Usually the line test / checker function also as a duty scannerman scan images to be processed digitally.<br /></span><i><b><span title="i.">i. </span></b></i><span title="Editor"><i><b>Editor</b></i><br /></span><span title="Setelah frame-frame dalam gambar tertata oleh coloring maka giliran tugas seorang editor untuk mengedit animasi menjadi tayangan film yang dikombinasikan dan disingkronkan antara video dan audio.">After
the picture frames arranged by coloring then turn to the task of an
editor to edit animated films have combined and disingkronkan between
video and audio. </span><span title="Suatu saat editor juga berlaku sebagai ahli special effect ketika dibutuhkan tambahan efek pada adegan film.">One time editor also serves as a special effects expert when needed additional effect on the film scene.<br /></span><i><b><span title="j.">j. </span></b></i><span title="Sound Editor"><i><b>Sound Editor</b></i><br /></span><span title="Sound editor bekerja pada saat sebelum produksi maupun pasca produksi.">Sound editor working at the time prior to production and post-production. </span><span title="Sebelum produksi sound editor bertugas mengambil suara sementara sebagai panduan lipsynk dalam dope sheet bagi animator.">Before production sound editor in charge of taking the vote while the inside dope sheet lipsynk guide for animators. </span><span title="Pasca produksi bersama editor mengedit dan menyempurnakan suara dubber dan sound effect dalam adegan film.">Post-production editing and refining joint editor and voice dubber sound effects in a movie scene.<br /></span><i><b><span title="k.">k. </span></b></i><span title="Talent"><i><b>Talent</b></i><br /></span><span title="Talent dalam film kartun adalah para pengisi suara yang berperan pada masing-masing karakter/tokoh dalam cerita film.">Talent in cartoons is the voice acting for each character / characters in the movie.</span></span>muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-64692371438522894352012-09-24T03:42:00.002-07:002012-09-24T03:42:13.686-07:00preparation of basic needs (part I)<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span title="1.">1. </span></b></span><span title="PERALATAN"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>EQUIPMENT</b></span><br /></span><span title="Peralatan pembuatan film kartun profesional berbasis sel membutuhkan peralatan-peralatan dasar diantaranya:">Professional cartoon making equipment based cells requires basic tools are:<br /></span><b><i><span title="a.">a. </span></i></b><span title="Drawing Table / Lightboxes"><b><i>Drawing Table / lightboxes</i></b><br /></span><span title="Meja gambar dengan disertai lampu pada bagian bawah meja, dan Peg bars dengan tipe lubang acme.">Drawing table, accompanied by lights on the bottom of the table, and with the type of hole Peg bars acme.<br /></span><span title="Lightbox Portable Lightbox"> Portable Lightbox Lightbox<br /></span><b><i><span title="b.">b. </span></i></b><span title="Decent Chair"><b><i>Decent Chair</i></b><br /></span><span title="Sebuah kursi yang nyaman, dan fleksibel bergerak untuk mendukung kemudahan dan kenyamanan bekerja dalam jangka waktu yang lama.">A comfortable chair and flexible moves to support the ease and comfort of working in a long time.<br /></span><span title="Descent Chair"> Descent Chair<br /></span><b><i><span title="c.">c. </span></i></b><span title="Desk Lighting"><b><i>Desk Lighting</i></b><br /></span><span title="Sebuah lampu duduk atau penerangan yang cukup, digunakan untuk mengimbangi kekuatan cahaya yang muncul dari lightbox, agar mata tidak lelah.">A
lamp or adequate lighting, is used to offset the power of the light
that emerges from the lightbox, so that the eyes do not get tired.<br /></span><span title="Desk Lighting"> Desk Lighting<br /></span><b><i><span title="d.">d. </span></i></b><span title="Mirror (Cermin)"><b><i>Mirror (Mirror)</i></b><br /></span><span title="Cermin digunakan untuk melihat wajah kita, saat harus menggambar/menirukan expresi emosi seseorang.">Mirrors are used to seeing our faces, when it comes to drawing / mimicked the expression of one's emotions.<br /></span><b><i><span title="e.">e. </span></i></b><span title="Paper"><b><i>Paper</i></b><br /></span><span title="Paper atau kertas digunakan sebagai bahan media gambar.">Paper or paper used as a drawing medium.</span><span title="Ukuran kertas biasanya digunakan A4, atau dengan skala movie yang akan dibuat misalnya 4:3 atau 16:9">Typically used A4 paper size, or scale movie to be made such as 4:3 or 16:9<br /></span><b><i><span title="f.">f. </span></i></b><span title="Pencils"><b><i>Pencils</i></b><br /></span><span title="Pensil digunakan untuk menggambar pada media kertas.">Pencil was used to draw on paper media. </span><span title="Pensil yang dipakai biasanya 2B atau menggunakan pensil mekanik.">Typically used 2B pencil or a mechanical pencil.<br /></span><span title="pensil kayu mechanical pencil"> wooden pencil mechanical pencil<br /></span><b><i><span title="g.">g. </span></i></b><span title="Eraser (penghapus pensil)"><b><i>Eraser (pencil eraser)</i></b><br /></span><span title="Penghapus pensil digunakan untuk menghapus goresan pensil yang tidak perlu dan digunakan untuk kebersihan area gambar saat memasuki tahap proses scan gambar.">Use a pencil eraser to erase pencil unnecessary and used to image area clean when entering the stage of scanned images.<br /></span><b><i><span title="h.">h. </span></i></b><span title="Punch / Peghole (pelubang kertas)"><b><i>Punch / Peghole (hole punch)</i></b><br /></span><span title="Punch atau Peghole digunakan untuk melubangi kertas untuk ditempatkan pada pegbar.">Punch or Peghole used to perforate the paper to be placed on pegbar. </span><span title="Standar pelubang menggunakan lubang acme, dengan 3 (tiga) lubang.">Standard hole punching using acme, with three (3) holes.<br /></span><span title="Peghole/Punch"> Peghole / Punch<br /></span><b><i><span title="i.">i. </span></i></b><span title="Pegbar"><b><i>Pegbar</i></b><br /></span><span title="Pegbar digunakan sebagai alat bantu penyusun/penjepit kertas yang digunakan saat menggambar, agar kontinuitas animasi tetap terjaga.">Pegbar used as a tool for compiler / paper clips are used when drawing, so that continuity is maintained animation.<br /></span><b><i><span title="j.">j. </span></i></b><span title="Scanner"><b><i>Scanner</i></b><br /></span><span title="Scanner digunakan untuk memindahkan gambar di kertas dalam bentuk format digital untuk diedit dan dikomposisikan menggunakan komputer.">Scanner is used to move the image on the paper in a digital format for editing and composed using computers.<br /></span><span title="Scanner"> Scanner<br /></span><b><i><span title="k.">k. </span></i></b><span title="Komputer"><b><i>Computer</i></b><br /></span><span title="Komputer digunakan untuk mengedit film dalam format digital.">Computers are used to edit the film in digital format. </span><span title="Komputer dilengkapi dengan peralatan multimedia dan software pengolah film kartun.">The computer is equipped with multimedia equipment and processing software cartoons.</span><span title="Software-software yang digunakan seperti; Adobe Photoshop, Adobe After Effect, Macromedia Flash MX, McPie Pro, CoreRetas, Avid Express, Cakewalk dan Soundforge.">Software
that is used such as Adobe Photoshop, Adobe After Effects, Macromedia
Flash MX, McPie Pro, CoreRetas, Avid Express, Cakewalk and SoundForge.<br /></span><b><i><span title="l.">l. </span></i></b><span title="Kamera/web cam"><b><i>Camera / web cam</i></b><br /></span><span title="Kamera/webcam difungsikan sebagai Rustrum Camera yang digunakan untuk line test.">Camera / webcam function as Rustrum Camera used for line test. </span><span title="Sebelum memasuki proses scanning gambar, semua gambar dicek menggunakan rustrum camera.">Before entering the process of scanning images, all images are checked using rustrum camera. </span><span title="Jika ada garis yang tidak konstan maka harus diperbaiki sebelum discan.">If there is a line that is not constant then it must be repaired before being scanned.</span></span>muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-70092406107542736012012-09-24T03:30:00.003-07:002012-09-24T03:30:33.374-07:00Tool for Creating Animations<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps atn">"</span><span>ANIMESTUDIO</span><span>"</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">a name</span> <span class="hps">made products</span> <span class="hps">Agatsuma</span> <span class="hps">CO.</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">LTD</span> <span class="hps">is planned to be</span> <span class="hps">sold as</span> <span class="hps">toys</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">This tool</span> <span class="hps">has a camera</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">small</span> <span class="hps">studio</span> <span class="hps">where users can</span> <span class="hps">create</span> <span class="hps">their</span> <span class="hps">own</span> <span class="hps">animations</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">plus it</span> <span class="hps">was</span> <span class="hps">his</span> <span class="hps">play</span> <span class="hps">back</span> <span class="hps">to play an animation</span> <span class="hps">software</span> <span class="hps">that has been made</span> <span class="hps">frame</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">frame</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">The camera</span> <span class="hps">lies in</span> <span class="hps">the hands of</span> <span class="hps atn">"</span><span>ANIMESTUDIO</span><span>" and the</span> <span class="hps">animated object</span> <span class="hps">will be displayed</span> <span class="hps">on</span> <span class="hps">the tv screen</span><span>.</span><br /> <span class="hps">To create</span> <span class="hps">the animation</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">must be</span> <span class="hps">done is</span> <span class="hps">menfoto</span> <span class="hps">object to be</span> <span class="hps">animated</span> <span class="hps">and moving</span> <span class="hps">objects</span> <span class="hps">and took</span> <span class="hps">another</span> <span class="hps">picture</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">To</span> <span class="hps">make a</span> <span class="hps">1 second</span> <span class="hps">animation</span> <span class="hps">takes 4</span> <span class="hps">frames</span> <span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">means 4</span> <span class="hps">times</span> <span class="hps">shooting</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">It is</span> <span class="hps">very time consuming and</span> <span class="hps">requires persistence</span> <span class="hps">if you want to</span> <span class="hps">get a</span> <span class="hps">good animation</span><span class="">.</span><br /> <span class="hps">Once the</span> <span class="hps">animation</span> <span class="hps">is completed,</span> <span class="hps">the results</span> <span class="hps">can be uploaded</span> <span class="hps">to the website</span> <span class="hps">to be shown</span> <span class="hps">to others</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">ANIMESTUDIO</span> <span class="hps">equipped with</span> <span class="hps">SD</span> <span class="hps">card reader</span> <span class="hps">and a</span> <span class="hps">SD</span> <span class="hps">card</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">accommodate</span> <span class="hps">the work</span> <span class="hps">that has been made</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Approximately</span> <span class="hps">25 000</span> <span class="hps">shots</span> <span class="hps">can be saved in</span> <span class="hps">SD 1</span> <span class="hps">GB</span> <span class="hps">which when</span> <span class="hps">played will</span> <span class="hps">be 1</span> <span class="hps">hour</span> <span class="hps">and 40</span> <span class="hps">minutes</span> <span class="hps">of animation.</span><br /> <span class="hps">Price</span> <span class="hps">of this product</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">15.770</span> <span class="hps">yen.</span></span><br />
muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-26016901043684786522012-09-24T02:26:00.005-07:002012-09-24T02:26:59.863-07:00Indonesia Animator Behind The Avengers MovieThe Avengers Movie 2012<br />
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<br />The Avengers movie is a movie featuring the superhero superhero from marvel comics featured in the films, The Marvel Super Heroes Avengers.ikon shown that Iron Man, The Incredible Hulk, Thor, Captain America, Hawkeye and Black Widow.<br />
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The film tells the story of resistance to prevent the forces of evil threatening the world bencaga makes the audience hypnotized while watching it. treat the story and animation are cool. then you know that one of the film's animators are animators project Indonesia?<br /><br />Sugianto Rini is one of the animators on the film, before we had mengenalRini Sugianto the article rini sugianto animator Indonesia on the world stage.<br />
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perperan major success as an animator in the animated film "The Adventures of Tintin" bring back success to be one of the animators in the movie "The Avangers".<br /><br />"Never give up. If there was a company-animator animator like translucent Indonesian, pelajarin animation type them and for the type of animation as they do. Long will open chances. "Was the message delivered Rini for the animators.<br /><br />We should be proud of the achievements of Rini Lewis, hopefully getting his career skyrocketed.<br />
muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-34253343085340951282012-09-24T02:24:00.002-07:002012-09-24T02:24:30.542-07:00Animator Indonesia Translucent Hollywood Through the 'Tintin'<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU2_58Eeohr0DnYmK0ERV0tjkDB2kQEx_OFPB1I7AYBvVq8fso4nO9Y4Gz_G3FNNlcBiM68dXDYBaBKevVpcSvtHyJ_pMtJS9XT5RclYgG6eK21mdOnNLZIjeBvxTPOoSAEXChTepdN6A/s1600/32F59D57-854F-4065-98CC-ADC2284833C1_w640_r1_s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU2_58Eeohr0DnYmK0ERV0tjkDB2kQEx_OFPB1I7AYBvVq8fso4nO9Y4Gz_G3FNNlcBiM68dXDYBaBKevVpcSvtHyJ_pMtJS9XT5RclYgG6eK21mdOnNLZIjeBvxTPOoSAEXChTepdN6A/s320/32F59D57-854F-4065-98CC-ADC2284833C1_w640_r1_s.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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Animators from Indonesia, Rini Lewis, a principal animator for the film production of the famous Hollywood Tintin, 'The Adventures of Tintin.'<br /><br />Starting from a love of the fictional character of a journalist named Tintin tuft, a young animator named Rini from Indonesia Sugianto successfully penetrate the Hollywood movie scene.<br /><br />Rini is currently working as an animator at the company Weta Digital in New Zealand, has recently joined the film "The Adventures of Tintin." Previously, Rini S2 is a graduate of the Academy of Arts in San Francisco, California willing to leave work and life in the United States and moved to New Zealand, having received an offer to work on a film directed by Steven Spielberg's. "Weta hiring time again for 'Tintin' together 'Rise of the Apes.' Then after that I got a call. He said, 'Want to move to New Zealand or not? I grew up with Tintin, as children read Tintin continues. Finally I could not refuse and moved here last year, "said Rini told VOA by telephone.<br /><br />Film "The Adventures of Tintin" is the first Hollywood movie in which Rini come to be one of the animators. Besides a remarkable achievement, of course, also enough to make the heart glad Rini. "It was fun, yes, fitting interviewed (for this job), funny because I was in LA has no character Tintin's dog and his dog, Snowy. (They're) a little bit interested, too-probably because I have a dog so it may better know as the dog moves every day to see movement. Glad to the opportunity to work on the film of Tintin. Especially with the kind of director Steven Spielberg. This was the first time working with the famous director, "he said.<br /><br />Rini Sugianto, animator from Indonesia to film The Adventures of Tintin<br /><br />However, Rini claimed to have never met directly with Steven Spielberg. "Once a week, no director review via video conference. So just watch the video wrote, "Rini added.<br /><br />In the movie "The Adventures of Tintin," Rini acted as an animator with the greatest share. "It happens in this film, I mengerjain most scenes, a total of 70 shots in the Tintin movie," said Rini.<br /><br />The film has famous personalities like Tintin has its own challenges. "The biggest one, is that the comic was already famous. So those same familiar character. We can not arbitrarily change the story or change too much from the original, "said Rini.<br /><br />Cultivation of the film "The Adventures of Tintin" also takes a long time. "Animated alone, full production was probably about a year and a half. But the project itself was started about four years ago. But, for the first few years, they were just doing the story. The focus is to work on the storyboard until solid, "said Rini.<br /><br />Seeing the name of Indonesia in the film of Tintin is certainly a matter of pride, especially for parents who have watched Rini film "The Adventures of Tintin" in Indonesia. "Once heard'll play in Indonesia, I immediately told to watch. Parents did not happen to people who often watch movies. Perhaps the first time in a period of ten years and the first Tintin movie they watch. They are quite proud of the view name (Rini) in the big screen, "he said.<br /><br />Rini claim to his parents who always supported everything in terms of career and life. "They have supported me during school and when I took my decision to go back to school in the field of animation, and then my parents did not understand what it's animated. However, they believe that choice will make Rini Rini happy. They support full pay ranging from school to find a job, "said Rini.<br /><br />Currently, Rini is also being worked on animation for other Hollywood films. "It's more work on the film" The Avengers, "so if the movie" Thor "and" Captain America "first, there is a clip-clips for" The Avengers. " It merges all the superheroes, "he explained.<br /><br />Rini message especially to fellow animator is to never despair in achieving goals. "Never give up. If there was a company-animator animator like translucent Indonesian, pelajarin animation type them and for the type of animation as they do. Long will open chances. "muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-20583030141483795272012-09-23T20:16:00.002-07:002012-10-24T21:49:39.823-07:00Motion Capture Animation<h1 align="center">
<b>Using Performance Capture or Motion Capture Technology to Enable Lifelike 3D Animation – Is it Acting or Animation?</b></h1>
<a 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" 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" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
With movies like James Cameron's Avatar pushing new boundaries of 3D
animation, the concept of "performance capture" has come to the fore,
addressing perhaps for the first time the issue of how to truly merge
acting with animation.
Unlike previous movies using motion capture technology, where facial
movements still needed to be added in post-production by animators,
performance capture allows every facial movement and nuance expressed by
the actors to be conveyed by their virtual 3D selves.<br />
<br />
Nothing is added in terms of facial movements in post-production, so
actors are expected to emote fully on camera before the data is exported
to their digital selves. The only additional animated movement required
is for body parts that may not exist in reality, like tails on the
Na'vi. And of course the animation of all the other fantasy creatures,
worlds, textures, clothing and 'make-up' required by the story.<br />
<br />
Actors themselves have struggled to some extent as to whether these
fully or partially animated movies are really "acting" but there is no
doubt in the minds of director Cameron and his cast that their acting
skills are truly represented on the big screen in the form of the ten
foot tall blue Na'vi.<br />
<br />
With this level of innovation, the boundaries have been forever blurred
between traditional animation, computerized 3D animation, high level
special effects makeup and traditional movie making.
For the actors, being able to replace hours in the make-up room having
detailed makeup and expensive prosthetics applied on a daily basis, with
live action footage in simulated green screen environments has got to
be a huge step forward.
And with the proliferation of screen actors taking key voice roles in
animated movies in recent years, most acknowledge that 21st movie making
is no longer all about the pretty face or perfect body.<br />
<br />
James Cameron has been quoted as saying "I do think that there is an
issue here where the acting community needs to be educated about what
performance-capture really is, especially the way we did it on 'Avatar,'
where we preserved every nuance of the performance."
<br />
<br />
Cameron has been working on the 'Battle Angel' project to make a
live-action adaptation of the first three volumes of the manga series.
Like Avatar, the movie will be a combination of live action and CG, with
a female actor playing the lead character Alita and using the same
performance capture technologies.
<br />
<br />
Director Robert Zemeckis also used performance capture for his movie
Beowulf, starting Ray Winstone. Winstone makes the point perfectly that
this technology is really just a post production version of hair and
make-up.
"What Ray Winstone said is the difference between this and live action
is that in live action, you go into hair and makeup, you go into
wardrobe, and then you act," says Beowulf producer Steve Starkey. "In
this, you act, and then they put on your hair and makeup. There is no
difference. You're acting in both, and I say it should be considered as a
real performance."
muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7020554124102764374.post-17602147825003727602012-09-23T20:11:00.006-07:002012-09-23T20:11:54.601-07:00Computer animationComputer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying
factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. This
animation takes less time than previous traditional animation.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="2D_animation">2D animation</span></h4>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D animation</a> figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap_graphics" title="Bitmap graphics">bitmap graphics</a> or created and edited using 2D <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolated" title="Interpolated">interpolated</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">morphing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">onion skinning</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolated" title="Interpolated">interpolated</a> rotoscoping.<br />
2D animation has many applications, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">analog computer animation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animation</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint animation</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemagraph" title="Cinemagraph">Cinemagraphs</a> are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_photograph" title="Still photograph">still photographs</a> in the form of an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_GIF" title="Animated GIF">animated GIF</a> file of which part is animated.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="3D_animation">3D animation</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main articles: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_animation" title="3D animation">3D animation</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a></div>
A <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_animation" title="3D animation">3D animation</a> is digitally modeled and manipulated by an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">animator</a>. The animator starts by creating an external mesh to manipulate, a mesh is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_%28geometry%29" title="Configuration (geometry)">geometric configuration</a> that gives the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_appearance" title="Visual appearance">visual appearance</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_body" title="Physical body">form</a> to an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D object</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D environment</a>, it is given an internal digital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletal structure</a>
that can be used to control the mesh. This process is called rigging
and can be programmed with movement. Various other techniques can be
applied, such as mathematical functions (ex. gravity, particle
simulations), simulated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, effects such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a> to name but a few, these techniques fall under the category of <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_dynamics&action=edit&redlink=1" title="3D dynamics (page does not exist)">3D dynamics</a>. Well-made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> animations can be difficult to distinguish from live action and are commonly used as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a> for recent movies. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> (1995, USA) is the first feature-length film to be created and rendered entirely using 3D graphics.<br />
<h5>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Terms">Terms</span></h5>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel-shaded_animation" title="Cel-shaded animation">Cel-shaded animation</a>, is used to mimic traditional animation using CG software. Shading looks stark, with less blending colors. Examples include, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyland" title="Skyland">Skyland</a></i> (2007, France), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleseed_Ex_Machina" title="Appleseed Ex Machina">Appleseed Ex Machina</a></i> (2007, Japan), <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Wind_Waker" title="The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker">The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker</a></i> (2002, Japan)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a>, Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a>,
is used when live action actors wear special suits that allow computers
to copy their movements into CG characters. Examples include <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Express" title="Polar Express">Polar Express</a></i> (2004, USA), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_%282007_film%29" title="Beowulf (2007 film)">Beowulf</a></i> (2007, USA), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_%282009_film%29" title="A Christmas Carol (2009 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2009, USA), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin_%28film%29" title="The Adventures of Tintin (film)">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i> (2011, USA)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Photo realistic animation</a>,
is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life.
Using advanced rendering that makes detailed skin, plants, water, fire,
clouds, etc. to mimic real life. Examples include <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_%282009_film%29" title="Up (2009 film)">Up</a></i> (2009, USA), <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung-Fu_Panda" title="Kung-Fu Panda">Kung-Fu Panda</a></i> (2008, USA), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_%28film%29" title="Ice Age (film)">Ice Age</a></i> (2002, USA).</li>
</ul>
2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D
techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects
move and interact. 3D animation can create images that seem real to the
viewer.muhammad faqihhuddinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00113638313460644542noreply@blogger.com0